The Onshore Energy Security Program, funded by the Australian Government, Geoscience Australia has acquired deep seismic reflection data across several frontier sedimentary basins to stimulate interest in petroleum exploration in onshore Australia. Detailed interpretation of deep seismic reflection profiles from four onshore basins, focusing on overall basin geometry and internal sequence stratigraphy will be presented here, with the aim of assessing the petroleum potential of the basins. At the Southern end of the exposed part of the Mt Isa Province, northwest Queensland, a deep seismic line (06GA-M6) crosses the Burke River Structural Zone of the Georgina Basin. The basin here is >50 km wide, with a half graben geometry, and bound in the west by a rift border fault. The Millungera Basin in northwest Queensland is completely covered by the thin Eromanga basin and was unknown prior to being detected on two seismic lines (06GA-M4 and 06GA-M5) acquired in 2006. Following this, seismic line 07GA-IG1 imaged a 65 km wide section of the basin. The geometry of internal stratigraphic sequences and post-depositional thrust margin indicate that the original succession was much thicker than preserved today. The Yathong Trough in the southeast part of the Darling Basin in NSW has been imaged in seismic line 08GA-RS2 and interpreted in detail using sequence stratigraphic principles, with several sequences being mapped. The upper part of this basin contains Devonian sediments, with potential source rocks at depth.

Twenty-four samples provided by Geoscience Australia were analysed using screening methods to provide a preliminary insight into the gas shale potential of the Amadeus and Georgina Basins, Australia. Eleven samples from the Amadeus Basin include the Bitter Springs Formation (Late Neoproterozoic), Lower Giles Creek Dolomite (Middle Cambrian), Goyder Formation (Middle Cambrian) and Horn Valley Siltstone (Early Ordovician). Thirteen samples of core from the Georgina Basin are from the Middle Cambrian, and most of them from the "hot shale" of the Arthur Creek Formation. Results indicate that samples from both the Amadeus and Georgina basins have high potential for gas shale.

The Capel and Faust basins lie at water depths of 1500-3000 metres, 800 km east of Brisbane. Geoscience Australia began a petroleum prospectivity study of these remote frontier basins with acquisition of reflection and refraction seismic, gravity, magnetic and multi-beam bathymetry data across an area of 87,000 km2 during 2006/07. The approach mapped a complex distribution of sub-basins through an integration of traditional 2D reflection seismic interpretation techniques with 3D mapping and gravity modelling. Forward and inverse gravity models were used to inform the ongoing reflection seismic interpretation and test the identification of basement. Gravity models had three sediment layers with average densities inferred from refraction velocity modelling of 1.85, 2.13, 2.31 t/m3 overlying a pre-rift basement of density 2.54 t/m3, itself considered to consist in part of intruded older basin material. Depth conversion of horizon travel times was achieved using a function derived from models of refraction data. Gravity modelling of the simple density model arising from the initial interpretation of reflection seismic data indicated a first order agreement between observed and calculated data. The second order misfits could be accounted for by a combination of adjustments to the density values assigned to each of the layers, localised adjustments to the basin depths, and heterogeneity in the basement density values. The study concluded that sediment of average velocity 3500 m/s exceeds 6000 m thickness in the northwest of the area, which is sufficient for potential petroleum generation.

The Early Permian to Middle Triassic Bowen and Gunnedah basins in eastern Australia developed in response to a series of interplate and intraplate tectonic events located to the east of the basin system. The initial event was extensional and stretched the continental crust to form part of the major Early Permian East Australian Rift System that stretched at least from far north Queensland to southern New South Wales. The most commercially important of the rift-related features are a series of half graben that form the Denison Trough, now the site of several producing gas fields. The eastern part of the rift system commenced at about 305 Ma and was volcanic dominated. In contrast, the half graben in, and to the west of, the Bowen Basin were non-volcanic, and appear to have initiated at about 285 Ma. These half graben are essentially north-south in length with an extension direction of approximately east-northeast. Mechanical extension appears to have ceased at about 280 Ma, when subsidence became driven by thermal relaxation. The extension occurred in a backarc setting, in response to far field stresses that propagated from the west-dipping subduction system at the convergent plate margin of East Gondwana that was located to the east of the East Australian Rift System.

The Bremer Sub-basin, which forms part of the Bight Basin off the southern coast of Western Australia, is a deep-water (100-4000 m water depth) frontier area for petroleum exploration. No wells have been drilled to test the sub-basin's petroleum potential, with company exploration limited to a regional seismic survey by Esso Australia Ltd in 1974. Early studies identified the Bremer Subbasin as a series of Middle Jurassic-Early Cretaceous half graben, which contain potentially prospective structures for trapping hydrocarbons. However, a lack of sub-surface geological data, along with the deep-water setting, discouraged exploration of this area for over 30 years. In 2003, the Bremer Sub-basin was identified as a key frontier area in Geoscience Australia's New Oil Program where new exploration opportunities might occur. Subsequently, Geoscience Australia's Bremer Sub-basin Study commenced in 2004 with an aim to determine if the sub-basin formed under suitable geological conditions to generate and trap large volumes of hydrocarbons.

Geological framework of the South Tasman Rise and East Tasman Plateau: structure, tectonics, basin development

This document will be posted on the GA and CSIRO-Marine websites. Dr. Neville Exon was Chief Scientist and Cruise Leader for this survey.

The Ceduna Sub-basin of the deep-water frontier Bight Basin contains a Middle Jurassic-Late Cretaceous sedimentary succession in excess of 15 km thick. Nine offshore exploration wells have been drilled in the basin, mostly clustered around the inboard edge of the Ceduna Sub-basin. As a result, the distal mid-Late Cretaceous strata predicted to contain potential source rock facies, had previously not been sampled. The presence of high quality source rocks in the basin was therefore an open question. 2D seismic data was used to delineate targets for sampling of the pre-Campanian section of the basin. Identified targets included potential source intervals of Albian-Santonian age at locations on the seaward edge of the Ceduna and Eyre Terrace where canyon formation, slumping and faulting have exposed the section. Also, a series of sites were selected to test for potential hydrocarbon seepage in the basin. These sites include areas where recently reactivated deep-seated faults were exposed at the seafloor, basin margin areas where facies thin, and areas where possible seepage was identified from Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data. In February and March 2007, a 3-week marine acquisition programme was carried out on the RV Southern Surveyor. Potential dredge targets were first surveyed with 30 kHz EM300 swath bathymetry and observed with Topaz 3.5 kHz sub-bottom profiler. Near-live swath processing and slope analysis techniques enabled site specific dredge sampling of seafloor terrains where Cretaceous section outcropped or slopes were sufficient to ensure only a thin cover of overlying sediments. Targets include fault scarps and eroded sides of canyons. A better-than-expected number of successful dredges were collected (total of 37) from water depths ranging from 1600-4500m. Geochemical analysis of 259 dredge samples for total organic carbon (TOC) and pyrolysis yields (Rock Eval) identified good to very good organic richness in 13 samples, with TOC values between 2.1% and 6.2%. Of these, seven show liquids potential with Hydrocarbon Index (HI) values ranging between 274 and 479 (mgHC/TOC). The rocks with the best source rock characteristics came from high priority sampling sites in the westernmost Ceduna Sub-basin. Organic geochemical analysis has provided evidence for preservation of organic matter under anoxic conditions close to or at the sediment-water interface. Biostratigraphic analysis of these organic-rich rocks has yielded an age around the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary. Although the dredged rocks are immature for hydrocarbon generation, interpretation of an extensive seismic grid across the basin and petroleum system modelling have shown that this succession occurs with the oil window in the central Ceduna Sub-basin. The results of this study provide the best evidence to date for the presence of good quality liquids-prone source rocks in the basin, successfully addressing a key industry concern in this petroleum exploration frontier.

The seismic stacking velocity data in the Great Australian Bight are a useful dataset for calculating depths and sediment thicknesses. This work compares these data with P-wave velocities from sonobuoys and sonic logs from wells, and on this basis a depth over-estimate of at least 15% can be expected from the depths derived from stacking velocities. Megasequence boundary depths are calculated for the Ceduna Terrace to further illustrate data quality. The database makes avaliable the unfiltered stacking velocities using conventional and horizon-consistent formats.

A new sequence stratigraphic framework has been developed for the Otway Basin based on the interpretation and integration of offshore wells, key onshore wells, new biostratigraphic results and a regional grid of 2D seismic data. In the new tectonostratigraphic framework, seven major basin phases and their eight component supersequences are recognised as follows: 1) Tithonian?-Barremian rifting of the Crayfish Supersequence 2) Aptian-Albian post-rift deposition of the Eumeralla Supersequence 3) mid-Cretaceous compression and inversion 4) Late Cretaceous rifting of the Shipwreck and Sherbrook Supersequences 5) latest Maastrichtian to Middle Eocene basin reorganisation and early thermal subsidence of the Wangerrip Supersequence 6) local inversion and thermal subsidence of the Nirranda Supersequence (Middle Eocene to Early Oligocene) followed by thermal subsidence and progressive compression of the Heytesbury Supersequence (Late Oligocene to Late Miocene) leading to Late Miocene uplift and erosion and 7) Plio-Pleistocene deposition of the Whalers Bluff Supersequence. Basin phases are distinguished by their different tectonic driving mechanisms as the primary control on the creation of accommodation space. The supersequences are bounded by regional unconformities and define major episodes of sedimentation within each basin phase. Supersequences are related to second-order transgressive-regressive cycles within the basin and are regionally mappable. The new sequence stratigraphic framework is then used as the basis for correlation to deep-water regions where well-control is limited or absent. The framework is also used to help place existing, complex, facies-dependent lithostratigraphic schemes into depositional and petroleum systems context.