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Overview of the Deep Crustal Seismic surveys conducted by Geoscience Australia and funded through the Onshore Energy Security Program since it's commencement in 2006 to September 2009.

Over the last fifteen years, Geoscience Australia, through its Onshore Energy Security Program, in conjunction with Primary Industries and Resources South Australia (PIRSA), the Geological Survey of New South Wales (Industry & Investment NSW), the Australian Geodynamics Cooperative Research Centre, and the Predictive Mineral Discovery Cooperative Research Centre (pmd*CRC), has acquired several deep seismic reflection profiles, which, when combined, form an east-west transect about 870 km long in southeastern Australia. The seismic data vary from low-fold, dynamite-source to higher-fold, vibroseis-source data. The combined seismic profiles, from the western Eyre Peninsula to the Darling Basin, provide a near complete cross-section of the crust across the Gawler Craton, Adelaide Rift System, Curnamona Province, Koonenberry Belt and Darling Basin. The entire region is dominated by east-dipping faults, some of which originated as basin-bounding extensional faults, but most appear also to have a thrust sense of movement overprinting the extension. In the Gawler Craton, an inferred shallow, thin-skinned thrust belt occurs to the west of an inferred thick-skinned thrust belt. The boundary between the two thrust belts, the Kalinjala Mylonite Zone, was active at least during the Kimban Orogeny, with possible extensional movement at that time. The thrust movement possibly occurred during the ~1600 Ma Olarian Orogeny.

This report presents results from a pilot study conducted within the northern part of the Great Australian Bight, focusing primarily on the Eyre Sub-basin. The aim of the study was to develop and test a methodology for creating petroleum prospectivity maps based primarily on the extent of sealing lithologies. The Eyre Sub-basin provides a good basis for this study due to the good seismic coverage and lithological data provided from eight ODP holes and an Esso petroleum exploration well (Jerboa-1). Well data are used to determine which sequences contain potential sealing lithologies, while seismic data are used to map out the extent and distribution of potential sealing sequences across the study area. The regional extent of sealing units to their first pinch-out is used as a first-order assessment of petroleum prospectivity. Results from Jerboa-1 show that there is a proven oil source and adequate reservoir facies with seal and trap integrity being the major play risks. Mesozoic sediments provide the primary potential sealing units across this region and have greatest thickness across the Eyre Sub-basin. To the west and north of this sub-basin, the distribution of the Mesozoic sediments is discontinuous, resulting in lower sealing potential. Mesozoic sediments are absent within the Eucla Inlier immediately north of the Eyre Sub-basin, resulting in very low sealing potential. Three categories of petroleum prospectivity have been determined in this study. Good prospectivity has been assigned up to the limits of the thick and continuous Mesozoic sediments in the Eyre Sub-basin. Low prospectivity has been assigned to the western Apollo Shelf, reflecting the reliance on relatively thin and discontinuous Mesozoic seals and the poor seal potential of Tertiary age carbonates. The Eucla Inlier is designated as a non-prospective area due to the absence of Mesozoic sediments and any potential sealing units for Tertiary age reservoirs.

In 2006, deep seismic reflection profiling was carried out along six transects across the Mount Isa Inlier. The seismic lines were jointly funded by the Geological Survey of Queensland, Geoscience Australia, the Predictive Mineral Discovery Cooperative Research Centre and Zinifex Pty Ltd. (now Oz Minerals). In 2007, a further three seismic lines were collected by Geoscience Australia and the Geological Survey of Queensland from Cloncurry to south of Charters Towers via Croydon and Georgetown. This paper presents some highlights from the geological interpretations of the seismic lines.

Seismic line 07GA-IG1, described here, forms part of the Isa-Georgetown-Charters Towers seismic survey that was acquired in 2007. The seismic line is oriented approximately northeast-southwest and extends from northwest of Cloncurry in the southwest to east of Croydon in the northeast (Figure 1). The acquisition costs for this line were provided jointly by Geoscience Australia and the Geological Survey of Queensland, and field logistics and processing were carried out by the Seismic Acquisition and Processing team from Geoscience Australia. Six discrete geological provinces have been interpreted on this seismic section (Figure 2). Two of these, the Numil and Abingdon Provinces, only occur in the subsurface. The Mt Isa Province occurs in the southwest, with the Kowanyama Province occurring on the middle of the section and the Etheridge province in the northeast. The Millungera Basin, first observed on two seismic lines in the 2006 Mt Isa seismic survey, occurs beneath shallow cover of the Jurassic-Cretaceous Carpentaria Basin and sits above the Kowanyama Province.

The Australian Geological Survey Organisation (AGSO) through the partnership in the Australian Geodynamics Cooperative Research Centre (AGCRC) and Kalgoorlie Consolidated Gold Mines (KCGM) completed a joint research project to image the crustal structure of the Kalgoorlie region to develop a knowledge of the shallow and deep structures, tectonics, and fluid migration pathways. The Australian National Seismic Imaging Resource (ANSIR) was contracted to acquire the seismic data. The project's objectives were to obtain a better understanding of - sub-surface geology at a regional and mine scale - provide more information on regional crustal thickness and major features - stratigraphic and structural architecture of the mineral system - timing and locations of fluid migration pathways The seismic survey obtained 25 km of 10 fold CMP (common midpoint) regional reflection seismic data along two traverses and 8 km of 10 fold CMP high-resolution reflection seismic data along another two traverses. The data are of good quality and similar to both the 1991 and 1999 Eastern Goldfields reflection seismic data to the north and south of the survey area. The major outcome of imaging the four localities included mapping the Golden Mile and Bolder-Lefroy Faults, and the Boorara Shear at depth. This new information indicates the Golden Mile Mine was fed by a suite of relatively minor faults dangling off the major crustal-scale Boorara Shear. The dangling element relates to percolation theory. The detachment surface was imaged on all seismic traverses. Thrust duplexes were interpreted above the detachment surface.

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A regional seismic survey in north Queensland, with acquisition paremeters set for deep crustal imaging, show a potential geothermal target beneath about 2 km of sediments. Beneath the sedimentary structure there appears to be an area of low seismic reflection signal from about 1 s to 4 s. Combined with the relatively low gravity signature over this location, this area of low seismic reflection signal could be interpreted as a large granite body, overlain by sediments. This body lies near an area of high crustal temperature and suggests a potential geothermal energy target.

During May to October 2007 Geoscience Australia in collaboration with the Geological Survey of Queensland contracted Terrex Seismic to undertake the Mt Isa-Georgetown-Charters Towers Deep Seismic Reflection Survey. This survey acquired deep seismic reflection, gravity and magnetotelluric data along three traverses, 07GA-IG1, 07GA-IG2 and 07GA-GC1 (Figure 1). Funding for this survey was provided by Geoscience Australia's Onshore Energy Security Program and Queensland's Smart Mining - Future Prosperity Program, with the aims of the project to image from the eastern edge of the Mt Isa Province across the Georgetown Province and southeast through the Charters Towers region into the Drummond Basin (Figure 1). A fourth traverse (07GA-A1) was funded by AuScope, an initiative established under the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy to characterise the structure and evolution of the Australian continent. This line imaged from Mareeba to Mt Surprise across the Palmerville Fault (part of the Tasman Line). A total of 1387 km of 2D seismic reflection data were collected to 20 seconds two way travel time over the four lines. The nominal CDP coverage was 60 fold for line 07GA-IG1 and was increased to 75 fold for the remaining three lines. The survey commenced on 19 May 2007 and was completed on 7 October 2007.