Geoscience Australia`s involvement in Papua New Guinea mapping includes managing the production of maps for select urban areas as part of a MOU between Department of Defence and PNG. In addition, Geoscience Australia distributes some (now aging) 1:100,000 scale maps produced by the Department of Defence for much of Papua New Guinea. At this scale 1cm on the map represents 1km on the ground. Each map covers a minimum area of 0.5 degrees longitude by 0.5 degrees latitude or about 54 kilometres by 54 kilometres. The contour interval is 20 metres. Many maps are supplemented by hill shading.

Research on fluid and melt inclusions began with the work of Sorby and Zirkel in the mid-1800s and grew very slowly for the next 100 years. Although Russian scientists began systematic study of inclusions in the 1930s, it was not until about 1960 that publications mentioning or using fluid inclusions began to increase from a few a year to the present level of about 700. Early research focused on ore deposits, first on temperatures and salinities of ore fluids and then on their stable isotopic and major element compositions. Publications using or mentioning melt inclusions began to grow somewhat later in about 1980 and have increased to today's level of about 200. Early work on melt inclusions focused on igneous rocks with an emphasis on immiscibility and volatile elements and then on rare elements. Recent research on both fluid and melt inclusions has taken advantage of single-inclusion analytical methods to investigate speciation and partitioning in both natural and experimental magmatic and aqueous systems.

H54/B1-66 Vertical scale: 100

At this scale 1cm on the map represents 1km on the ground. Each map covers a minimum area of 0.5 degrees longitude by 0.5 degrees latitude or about 54 kilometres by 54 kilometres. The contour interval is 20 metres. Many maps are supplemented by hill shading.

Geoscience Australia`s involvement in Papua New Guinea mapping includes managing the production of maps for select urban areas as part of a MOU between Department of Defence and PNG. In addition, Geoscience Australia distributes some (now aging) 1:100,000 scale maps produced by the Department of Defence for much of Papua New Guinea. At this scale 1cm on the map represents 1km on the ground. Each map covers a minimum area of 0.5 degrees longitude by 0.5 degrees latitude or about 54 kilometres by 54 kilometres. The contour interval is 20 metres. Many maps are supplemented by hill shading.

At this scale 1cm on the map represents 1km on the ground. Each map covers a minimum area of 0.5 degrees longitude by 0.5 degrees latitude or about 54 kilometres by 54 kilometres. The contour interval is 20 metres. Many maps are supplemented by hill shading.

At this scale 1cm on the map represents 1km on the ground. Each map covers a minimum area of 0.5 degrees longitude by 0.5 degrees latitude or about 54 kilometres by 54 kilometres. The contour interval is 20 metres. Many maps are supplemented by hill shading.

At this scale 1cm on the map represents 1km on the ground. Each map covers a minimum area of 0.5 degrees longitude by 0.5 degrees latitude or about 54 kilometres by 54 kilometres. The contour interval is 20 metres. Many maps are supplemented by hill shading.

The IAG (International Association of Geodesy) Working Group (WG) on 'Regional Dense Velocity Fields' aims at densifying the ITRF (International Terrestrial Reference Frame) and creating a dense velocity field based on regional and global GNSS networks. With the goal to generate a high-quality solution for a core network, several newly reprocessed global and regional cumulative position and velocity solutions were submitted to the WG. In order to find a consensus on discontinuity epochs for stations common to several networks (an issue which was problematic in previous submissions), the new submissions were restricted to contain only the core networks over which the analyst has full control so that ITRF2008 discontinuities could be applied. The 3D-RMS of the agreement of the new solutions with the ITRF2008 (after outlier rejection) varies between 0.6 and 1.1 mm/yr; it is extremely good for some solutions, while others still require more iteration to reach the required level of precision. Generally the cause of these disagreements has been identified and they often originate in the use of different data time spans within the ITRF2008 and submitted solution. In a next step, the WG expects to generate and use a discontinuity database complementing the ITRF2008 one and identify/solve the sources of disagreements. In addition, several of the regional solutions will be reprocessed to imbed the regional network in a global network and reduce the error induced by the network effect. More details on the WG are available from http://epncb.oma.be/IAG/.

Geoscience Australia`s involvement in Papua New Guinea mapping includes managing the production of maps for select urban areas as part of a MOU between Department of Defence and PNG. In addition, Geoscience Australia distributes some (now aging) 1:100,000 scale maps produced by the Department of Defence for much of Papua New Guinea. At this scale 1cm on the map represents 1km on the ground. Each map covers a minimum area of 0.5 degrees longitude by 0.5 degrees latitude or about 54 kilometres by 54 kilometres. The contour interval is 20 metres. Many maps are supplemented by hill shading.