The Australian Solar Energy Information System V2.0 has been developed as a collaborative project between Geoscience Australia and the Bureau of Meteorology. The product provides pre-competitive spatial information for investigations into suitable locations for solar energy infrastructure. The outcome of this project will be the production of new and improved solar resource data, to be used by solar researchers and the Australian solar power industry. it is aimed to facilitate broad analysis of both physical and socio-economic data parameters which will assist the solar industry to identify regions best suited for development of solar energy generation. It also has increased the quality and availability of national coverage solar exposure data, through the improved calibration and validation of satellite based solar exposure gridded data. The project is funded by the Australian Renewable Energy Agency. The ASEIS V2.0 has a solar database of resource mapping data which records and/or map the following Solar Exposure over a large temporal range, energy networks, infrastructure, water sources and other relevant data. ASEIS V2.0 has additional solar exposure data provided by the Bureau of Meteorology. - Australian Daily Gridded Solar Exposure Data now ranges from 1990 to 2012 - Australian Monthly Solar Exposure Gridded Data now ranges from 1990 to 2011 ASEIS V2.0 also has a new electricity transmission reference dataset which allows for information to be assessed on any chosen region the distance and bearing angle to the closest transmission powerline.

Eddy Covariance (EC) is considered a key atmospheric technique for quantifying CO2 leakage. However the complex and localised heterogeneity of a CO2 leak above the background environmental signal violates several of the critical assumptions made when implementing the EC technique, including: - That horizontal gradients in CO2 concentration are zero. - That horizontal and vertical gradients in the covariance of CO2 and orthogonal wind directions are zero. The ability of EC measurements of CO2 flux at the surface to provide information on the location and strength of CO2 leakage from below ground stores was tested during a 144 kg/day release event (27 March - 13 June 2012) at the Ginninderra controlled release facility. We show that the direction of the leak can be ascertained with some confidence although this depends on leak strength and distance from leak. Elevated CO2 levels are seen in the direction of the leakage area, however quantifying the emissions is confounded by the potential bias within each measurement through breaching of the assumptions underpinning the EC technique. The CO2 flux due to advection of the horizontal CO2 concentration gradients, thought to be the largest component of the error with the violation of the EC technique's assumptions, has been estimated using the modelling software Windtrax. The magnitude of the CO2 flux due to advection is then compared with the measured CO2 flux measured using the EC technique, to provide an initial assessment of the suitability of the EC technique to quantifying leakage source rates.

Geoscience Australia and the CO2CRC operate a controlled release facility in Canberra, Australia, designed for simulating subsurface emissions of CO2 by injecting gas into a horizontal well. Three controlled release experiments were conducted at this site during 2012-2013, over 7-9 week periods, to assess and develop near-surface monitoring technologies for application to carbon dioxide geological storage sites (Feitz et al., 2014). A key well-established technique for characterizing surface CO2 emission sources from controlled release sites or natural CO2 seeps is soil flux surveys. The technique is often considered as the benchmark technique for characterizing a site's emissions or as a baseline for comparing other measurement techniques, but has received less attention with regards to its absolute performance. The extensive soil gas surveys undertaken during Release 1 (Feb-May 2012) and Release 3 (Oct-Dec 2013) are the subject of this paper. Several studies have highlighted factors which can have an effect on soil flux measurements, including meteorological influences such as air pressure and wind speed, which can increase or suppress soil fluxes (Rinaldi et al. 2012). Work at the Canberra controlled release site has highlighted the influence groundwater has on the spatial distribution of fluxes.). In addition, there are several different methods available for inverting soil flux measurements to obtain the emission rate of a surveyed area. These range in complexity from planar averaging to geostatistical methods such as sequential Gaussian simulation (Lewicki et al. 2005). Each inversion technique relies on its own subset of assumptions or limitations, which can also impact the end emissions estimate. Thus deriving a realistic estimate of the total emission rate will depend on both environmental forcing as well as the applied inversion method. An in-house method for soil flux interpolation has been developed and is presented. A cubic interpolated surface is generated from all the measurement points (Figure 1), from which a background linear interpolated surface is subtracted off, leaving the net leakage flux. The background surface is prepared by identifying all background points matching a certain criteria (for this release experiment distance from release well was used) and interpolating only over those points. In these experiments, soil flux surveys were collected on a predefined grid, using an irregular sampling pattern with higher density of samples nearer to the leak hotspots to provide higher spatial resolution in the regions where flux changes most rapidly (Figure 2). The same release rate of 144 kgCO2/day was used for both experiments. It was observed that the surface flux distribution shifts markedly between experiments, most likely a function of seasonal differences (2012 was wet; 2013 was dry) and resulting differences in groundwater depth, soil saturation and the extent of the vadose zone.. The depth to the groundwater measured at monitoring wells in proximity to the release well was 0.85-1.2 m during the 2012 (wet) release whereas it ranged from 1.9-2.3 m during the 2013 (dry) release experiment. The horizontal well is located 2.0 m below the ground surface. This paper explores the performance of soil flux surveys for providing an accurate estimate of the release rate, using a series of soil flux surveys collected across both release experiments. Emission estimates are generated by applying several common inversion methods, which are then compared to the known release rate of CO2. An evaluation as to the relative suitability of different inversion methods will be provided based on their performance. Deviations from the measured release rate are also explored with respect to survey design, meteorological and groundwater factors, which can lead and inform the future deployment of soil flux surveys in a monitoring and verification program.

Hourly direct normal solar exposure is the total amount of direct beam solar energy falling over one hour on a surface whose orientation is maintained perpendicular to the solar beam. Typical values for hourly direct normal exposure range up to around 3 MJ/m2 (megajoules per square metre). The values are usually highest in clear skies and decrease rapidly with increasing cloudiness, and also decrease to a lesser extent with increasing haziness and decreasing solar elevation. Global solar exposure is the total amount of solar energy falling on a horizontal surface. The daily global solar exposure is the total solar energy for a day. Typical values for daily global exposure range from 1 to 35 MJ/m2 (megajoules per square metre). For mid-latitudes, the values are usually highest in clear sun conditions during the summer and lowest during the winter or very cloudy days. See LINEAGE below for more information.

Global solar exposure is the total amount of solar energy falling on a horizontal surface. The hourly global solar exposure is the total solar energy for one hour. Typical values for hourly global exposure range up to 4 MJ/m2 (megajoules per square metre). The values are usually highest in the middle of the day and around summer, with localised variations caused mainly by variations in atmospheric conditions, primarily cloudiness. See metadata statement for more information.

The Arcturus greenhouse gas (GHG) monitoring station began operation in July 2010 50 km southeast of Emerald, Queensland. The station was part of a collaborative project between Geoscience Australia (GA) and CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research (CMAR) to establish and operate a high precision atmospheric monitoring facility for measurement of baseline greenhouse gases in a geological carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) region. The primary purpose of the station was to establish newly developed greenhouse gas monitoring technology and demonstrate best practice for regional baseline atmospheric monitoring appropriate for geological storage of carbon dioxide. An Eddy Covariance flux tower was installed at the station to compliment baseline atmospheric measurements by providing; supplementary meteorlogical measurements, atmospheric turbulence and stability parameters, the net vertical transport of water vapour and CO2 to (and from) the surface, establishing the energy, water and carbon balance for the area. The site is located in a semi-arid, subtropical clime with a summer (Dec-Feb) wet season. The site lies on the boundary between pasture to the west, and cropping to the east, split north to south. EC measurements were taken at 10 Hz frequency and used to prepare 30 minute averages. Data was collected for 2.5 years from 10 June 2011 to 31 December 2013. It was processed using standard OzFlux methods, involving rigorous QA/QC to ensure the output of high quality data. For more information on the site location, installation and instrument set-up see the Installation Report for Arcturus (Berko et al., 2012), while for more information on the metadata and data store for the EC and baseline monitoring instruments see the Metadata Report: Arcturus atmospheric greenhouse gas monitoring (Etheridge et al. 2014).

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Included fields: Record identifier - hm Bureau of Meteorology Station Number. Year Month Day Hours Minutes in YYYY,MM,DD,HH24,MI format in Local time Year Month Day Hours Minutes in YYYY,MM,DD,HH24,MI format in Local standard time Air Temperature in degrees C Quality of Air Temperature Wet bulb temperature in degrees C Quality of Wet Bulb Temperature Dew point temperature in degrees C Quality of Dew point Temperature Relative humidity in percentage % Quality of Relative humidity Wind speed in km/h Quality of Wind speed Wind direction in degrees Quality of Wind direction Speed of maximum wind gust in last 10 minutes in km/h Quality of speed of maximum wind gust in last 10 minutes Automatic Weather Station Flag

The Tropical Cyclone Scenario Selector Tool (TC SST) provides an interactive application to interrogate the stochastic event catalogue which underpins the 2018 Tropical Cyclone Hazard Assessment (TCHA18). The application allows users to search for TC events in the catalogue based on location and intensity (either TC intensity category, or maximum wind speed), visualise the tracks and the wind fields of those events, and download the data for further analysis.

To provide the solar power industry with a data resource to allow them to assess the economic potential of a site for a solar power plant. Specifically under the Solar Flagship program.