This report presents key results from the Upper Burdekin Groundwater Project conducted as part of Exploring for the Future (EFTF)—an eight year Australian Government funded geoscience data and information acquisition program. The first four years of the Program (2016–20) aimed to better understand the potential mineral, energy and groundwater resources in northern Australia. The Upper Burdekin Groundwater Project focused on the McBride Basalt Province (MBP) and Nulla Basalt Province (NBP) in the Upper Burdekin region of North Queensland. It was undertaken as a collaborative study between Geoscience Australia and the Queensland Government. This document reports the key findings of the project, as a synthesis of the hydrogeological investigation project and includes maps and figures to display the results.

The accessory mineral zircon is the most widely used geological timekeeper and tracer of crustal growth processes. Specifically, U-Pb isotopes in zircon offer a means to accurately determine the timing of magmatic events and their Hf isotopic composition provides a means to constrain magma source composition and potentially approximate source age. The high spatial resolution provided by in situ techniques such as secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) have the advantage of being able to target different growth zones within individual zircon crystals, and unravel complex magmatic histories. However, utilising this power effectively requires calculation of accurate initial Hf compositions, which are founded on the assumption that the information obtained via the U-Pb and Lu-Hf systems are correctly integrated. A typical Hf isotope LA-ICP-MS analysis ablates a sample volume that is two orders of magnitude greater than a typical SIMS analysis. Thus, when age determination has been carried out by SIMS it is necessary to demonstrate that each subsequent Hf isotope analysis has sampled a similar isotopically homogeneous volume. Here, we use a combined SIMS and laser ablation split stream (LASS)-ICP-MS approach, whereby U-Pb isotopic measurement concurrently on the same sample volume as the Hf isotope measurement is compared to prior lower volume SIMS measurements. Using a suite of new drill core magmatic rock samples from the comparatively unexplored Coompana Province in South Australia, we demonstrate how such an approach can be used to filter Hf isotope datasets by identifying LA-ICP-MS analyses that sampled mixtures of different zircon growth domains. The robust initial 176Hf/177Hf compositions obtained from the filtered Coompana data set indicate that the province represents part of a juvenile Paleoproterozoic-Mesoproterozoic arc system formed through hyperextension of the margin of the Archean Gawler Craton, which can be correlated to the Musgrave Province and Madura Province in central and western Australia respectively. This hyperextension process is temporally similar to that on the now-adjacent Archean Yilgarn Craton margin.

We present a new geological map of Warrumbungle Volcano created from volcanic facies field mapping, new geophysical, geochemical, and geochronological data as well as data from previous studies. Field mapping and petrography defined 19 volcanic and 2 mixed volcanic-sedimentary facies. Facies identification and distribution in conjunction with geochemical analyses indicate an early shield-forming phase of predominantly mafic and intermediate lavas and pyroclastic deposits, and minor felsic lavas deposited on an irregularly eroded basement of Surat and Gunnedah basin rocks. The shield was subsequently intruded by felsic intermediate to felsic magmas that formed dykes and other intrusions including possible cryptodomes, and also erupted as lava domes and block-and-ash-flow deposits. A radial dyke swarm cross-cuts most units, although is concentrated within basement sandstone surrounding the central area of the volcano, suggesting late inflation accompanied by dyke emplacement. Geochemistry indicates differentiation of a single although repeatedly recharged alkaline magmatic suite. Fractionation of olivine, Ti-magnetite and clinopyroxene occurred in mafic magmas, and after reaching 62 wt% SiO2 crystallisation of apatite and alkali feldspar took place. A new U-Pb zircon SHRIMP magmatic crystallisation age of 16.25 +/- 0.12 Ma on a felsic block-and-ash flow deposit is in agreement with the recalculated 40Ar/39Ar isochron dates of previous workers. Based on our mapping and the use of volcanic facies to define mappable units, we recommend the previous Warrumbungle Volcanics be elevated from formation to group status and renamed the Warrumbungle Volcanic Complex.

<p>The Mesoproterozoic Roper Group of the McArthur Basin has excellent petroleum potential, but its poorly constrained post-depositional history has hampered resource exploration and management. The Derim Derim Dolerite occupies an important position in the regional event chronology, having intruded the Roper Group prior to deformation associated with the ‘Post-Roper Inversion’ event. It was assigned a magmatic crystallisation age of 1324 ± 4 Ma (uncertainties are 95% confidence unless otherwise indicated) in 1997, based on unpublished Sensitive High Resolution Ion Micro Probe (SHRIMP) U-Pb analyses of dolerite-hosted baddeleyite from sample 97106010, collected from the Derim Derim Dolerite type locality in outcrop within the northwestern McArthur Basin. Herein, we refine these data via Isotope Dilution-Thermal Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (ID-TIMS) analysis of baddeleyites plucked from the SHRIMP grain-mounts, which yielded a precise mean 207Pb/206Pb date of 1327.5 ± 0.6 Ma. This date is significantly older than a baddeleyite U-Pb ID-TIMS date of 1313.8 ± 1.3 Ma recently obtained from dolerite ALT-05, sampled in Pacific Oil and Gas Ltd drillhole Altree 2, near the northern margin of the Beetaloo Sub-basin, and 200 km south of 97106010. This pair of results indicates that Derim Derim Dolerite magmatism spanned at least 10-15 Ma. Previously documented geochemical variation in Mesoproterozoic mafic rocks across the Northern Territory (such as the 1325 ± 36 Ma (2σ) Galiwinku Dolerite in the northern McArthur Basin, 1316 ± 40 Ma phonolites intruding the eastern Pine Creek Orogen, and 1295 ± 14 Ma gabbro in the Tomkinson Province) may reflect episodic pulses of magmatism hitherto obscured by the low precision of the available isotopic dates. <p><b>Citation:</b> Bodorkos, S., Yang, B., Collins, A.S., Crowley, J., Denyszyn, S.W., Claoue-Long, J.C., Anderson, J.R. and Magee, C., 2020 Precise U–Pb baddeleyite dating of the Derim Derim Dolerite: evidence for episodic mafic magmatism in the greater McArthur Basin. In: Czarnota, K., Roach, I., Abbott, S., Haynes, M., Kositcin, N., Ray, A. and Slatter, E. (eds.) Exploring for the Future: Extended Abstracts, Geoscience Australia, Canberra, 1–4.

<p>The outcrop extent of the Nulla Basalt Province, selected from the Queensland Detailed Surface Geology vector polygon mapping, March 2017. <p>© State of Queensland (Department of Natural Resources and Mines) 2017 Creative Commons Attribution

This Record presents new U–Pb geochronological data, obtained via Sensitive High Resolution Ion Micro Probe (SHRIMP), from 43 samples of predominantly igneous rocks collected from the East Riverina region of the central Lachlan Orogen, New South Wales. The results presented herein correspond to the reporting period July 2016–June 2020. This work is part of an ongoing Geochronology Project, conducted by the Geological Survey of New South Wales (GSNSW) and Geoscience Australia (GA) under a National Collaborative Framework agreement, to better understand the geological evolution and mineral prospectivity of the central Lachlan Orogen in southern NSW (Bodorkos et al., 2013; 2015; 2016, 2018; Waltenberg et al., 2019).

<p>The outcrop extent of the McBride Basalt Province, selected from the Queensland Detailed Surface Geology vector polygon mapping, March 2017. <p>© State of Queensland (Department of Natural Resources and Mines) 2017 Creative Commons Attribution

<p>This record presents new zircon and titanite U–Pb geochronological data, obtained via Sensitive High Resolution Ion Microprobe (SHRIMP) for twelve samples of plutonic and volcanic rocks from the Lachlan Orogen and the New England Orogen, and two samples of hydrothermal quartz veins from the Cobar region. Many of these new ages improve existing constraints on the timing of mineralisation in New South Wales, as part of an ongoing Geochronology Project (Metals in Time), conducted by the Geological Survey of New South Wales (GSNSW) and Geoscience Australia (GA) under a National Collaborative Framework (NCF) agreement. The results herein (summarised in Table 1.1 and Table 1.2) correspond to zircon and titanite U–Pb SHRIMP analysis undertaken on GSNSW mineral systems projects for the reporting period July 2016–June 2017. Lachlan Orogen <p>The Lachlan Orogen samples reported herein are sourced from operating mines, active prospects, or regions with historical workings. The new dates constrain timing of mineralisation by dating the units which host or crosscut mineralisation, thereby improving understanding of the mineralising systems, and provide stronger constraints for mineralisation models. <p>In the eastern Lachlan Orogen, the new dates of 403.9 ± 2.6 Ma for the Whipstick Monzogranite south of Bega, and 413.3 ± 1.8 Ma for the Banshea Granite north of Goulburn both provide maximum age constraints for the mineralisation they host (Whipstick gold prospect and Ruby Creek silver prospect, respectively). At the Paupong prospect south of Jindabyne, gold mineralisation is cut by a dyke with a magmatic crystallisation age of 430.9 ± 2.1 Ma, establishing a minimum age for the system. <p>The 431.1 ± 1.8 Ma unnamed andesite and the 428.4 ± 1.9 Ma unnamed felsic dyke at the Dobroyde prospect 10 km north of Junee are just barely distinguishable in age, in the order that is supported by field relationships. The andesite is the same age as the c. 432 Ma Junawarra Volcanics but has different geochemical composition, and is younger than the c. 437 Ma Gidginbung Volcanics. The two unnamed units pre-date mineralisation, and are consistent with Pb-dating indicating a Tabberaberran age for mineralisation at the Dobroyde gold deposit. <p>Similarly, the 430.5 ± 3.4 Ma leucogranite from Hickory Hill prospect (north of Albury) clarifies that this unit originally logged as Jindera Granite (since dated at 403.4 ± 2.6 Ma) is instead affiliated with the nearby Mount Royal Granite, which has implications for the extent of mineralisation hosted within this unit. <p>Cobar Basin <p>Titanite ages of 382.5 ± 2.6 Ma and 383.4 ± 2.9 Ma from hydrothermal quartz veins that crosscut and postdate the main phase of mineralisation at the Hera mine in the Cobar region constrain the minimum age for mineralisation. These ages are indistinguishable from a muscovite age of 381.9 ± 2.2 Ma interpreted to be related to late- or post-Tabberaberan deformation event, and these results indicate that mineralisation occurred at or prior to this deformation event. <p>New England Orogen <p>The new ages from granites of the New England Orogen presented in this record aid in classification of these plutons into various Suites and Supersuites, and these new or confirmed relationships are described in detail in Bryant (2017). Many of these plutons host mineralisation, so the new ages also provide maximum age constraints in the timing of that mineralisation. <p>The 256.1 ± 1.3 Ma age of the Deepwater Syenogranite 40 km north of Glen Innes indicates that it is coeval with the 256.4 ± 1.6 Ma (Black, 2006) Arranmor Ignimbrite Member (Emmaville Volcanics) that it intrudes, demonstrating that both intrusive and extrusive magmatism was occurring in the Deepwater region at the same time. The 252.0 ± 1.2 Ma age for the Black Snake Creek Granite northeast of Tenterfield is consistent with its intrusive relationship with the Dundee Rhyodacite (254.34 ± 0.34 Ma; Brownlow et al., 2010). Similarly, the 251.2 ± 1.3 Ma age for the Malara Quartz Monzodiorite southeast of Tenterfield is consistent with field relationships that demonstrate that it intrudes the Drake Volcanics (265.3 ± 1.4 Ma–264.4 ± 2.5 Ma, Cross and Blevin, 2010; Waltenberg et al., 2016). <p>The 246.7 ± 1.5 Ma Cullens Creek Granite north of Drake was dated in an attempt to provide a stronger age constraint on mineral deposits that also cut the Rivertree and Koreelan Creek plutons (249.1 ± 1.3 Ma and 246.3 ± 1.4 Ma respectively, Chisholm et al., 2014a). However, the new age is indistinguishable from the Koreelan Creek Granodiorite, and timing of mineralisation is not further constrained, but the new age demonstrates a temporal association between the Cullens Creek and Koreelan Creek plutons. <p>The 239.1 ± 1.2 Ma age for the Mann River Leucogranite west of Grafton is indistinguishable in age from plutons in the Dandahra Suite and supports its inclusion in this grouping. The new age also constrains the timing of the distal part of the Dalmorton Gold Field, and implies that the gold vein system postdates the Hunter-Bowen orogeny. <p>The 232.7 ± 1.0 Ma Botumburra Range Monzogranite east of Armidale is younger than most southern New England granites, but this age is very consistent with the Coastal Granite Association (CGA), and the new age, along with the previously noted petrographic similarities (Leitch and McDougall, 1979) supports incorporation of the Botumburra Range Monzogranite into the Carrai Supersuite of the CGA (Bryant, 2017).