Hot emissions of mainly sulphur dioxide and carbon dioxide took place from a mound in Koranga open cut, near Wau, following a landslide at the end of May, 1967. Rocks of the Holocene volcano, Koranga, are exposed in the open cut. The emissions lasted about three months, and ceased on 13 August after another landslide removed the active mound. During the period of activity, recorded temperatures ranged up to 680°C; no anomalous seismic or tilt phenomena were recorded. The cause of the activity is not known, but it is thought that the high temperatures and gases may have been the result of the spontaneous combustion of reactive sulphides and carbonaceous material present in the altered rocks of Koranga volcano.

On 6th July 2006, an intense swarm of earthquake activity began in the Sulu Range, Central New Britain, Papua New Guinea. The earthquakes were felt almost every one to two minutes, 24 hours a day, with modified Mercalli intensities of MM1 to MM4. They were accompanied by unusual vigorous activity in the hot springs southwest of the Sulu Range. Fearing a possible eruption and tsunami, about 1000 locals were evacuated.

Papua New Guinea (PNG) lies in a belt of intense tectonic activity that experiences high levels of seismicity. Although this seismicity poses significant risks to society, the Building Code of PNG and its underpinning seismic loading requirements have not been revised since 1982. This study aims to partially address this gap by updating the seismic zoning map on which the earthquake loading component of the building code is based. We performed a new probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for PNG using the OpenQuake software developed by the Global Earthquake Model Foundation (Pagani et al. 2014). Among other enhancements, for the first time together with background sources, individual fault sources are implemented to represent active major and microplate boundaries in the region to better constrain the earthquake-rate and seismic-source models. The seismic-source model also models intraslab, Wadati–Benioff zone seismicity in a more realistic way using a continuous slab volume to constrain the finite ruptures of such events. The results suggest a high level of hazard in the coastal areas of the Huon Peninsula and the New Britain – Bougainville region, and a relatively low level of hazard in the southwestern part of mainland PNG. In comparison with the seismic zonation map in the current design standard, it can be noted that the spatial distribution of seismic hazard used for building design does not match the bedrock hazard distribution of this study. In particular, the high seismic hazard of the Huon Peninsula in the revised assessment is not captured in the current building code of PNG. <b>Citation:</b> Ghasemi, H., Cummins, P., Weatherill, G. <i>et al.</i> Seismotectonic model and probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for Papua New Guinea. <i>Bull Earthquake Eng, </i><b>18</b>, 6571–6605 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-020-00966-1

Papua New Guinea (PNG) is situated at the edge of the Pacific “ring of fire” and is exposed to frequent large earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Earthquakes in PNG, such as 2018 Hela Province event (M7.5), continue to cause loss of life and widespread damage to buildings and infrastructure. Given its high seismic hazard, PNG would benefit from a dense seismic monitoring network for rapid (near real-time), as well as long-term, earthquake hazard and risk assessment. Geoscience Australia (GA) is working with technical agencies of PNG Government to deliver a Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) funded technical disaster risk reduction (DRR) program to increase community resilience on the impact of natural hazards and other secondary hazards. As part of this program, this study explores the feasibility of establishing a low-cost, community-based seismic network in PNG by first verifying the performance of the low-cost Raspberry Shake 4D seismograph, which includes a three-component strong-motion MEMs accelerometer and one (vertical) short-period geophone. A Shake device was deployed at the Rabaul Volcanological Observatory (RVO) for a period of one month (May 2018), relaying data in real-time via a 3G modem. To assess the performance of the device, it was co-located with global seismic network-quality instruments that included a three-component broadband seismometer and a strong motion accelerometer operated by GA and RVO, respectively. A key challenge for this study was the rather poor data service by local telecommunication operators as well as frequent power outages which caused repeated data gaps. Despite such issues, the Shake device successfully recorded several earthquakes with magnitudes as low as mb 4.0 at epicentral distances of 600 km, including earthquakes that were not reported by international agencies. The time-frequency domain comparisons of the recorded waveforms with those by the permanent RVO instruments reveal very good agreement in a relatively wide frequency range of 0.1-10 Hz. Based on the estimated noise model of the Shake device (seismic noise as well as instrument noise), we explore the hypothetical performance of the device against typical ground-motion amplitudes for various size earthquakes at different source-to-site distances. Presented at the 2018 Australian Earthquake Engineering Society (AEES) Conference

Probabilistic seismic hazard map of Papua New Guinea, in terms of Peak Ground Acceleration, is developed for return period of 475 years. The calculations were performed for bedrock site conditions (Vs30=760 m/s). Logic-tree framework is applied to include epistemic uncertainty in seismic source as well as ground-motion modelling processes. In this regard two source models, using area source zones and smoothed seismicity, are developed. Based on available geological and seismological data, defined seismic sources are classified into 4 different tectonic environments. For each of the tectonic regimes three Ground Motion Prediction Equations are selected and used to estimate the ground motions at a grid of sites with spacing of 0.1 degree in latitude and longitude. Results show high level of hazard in the coastal areas of Huon Peninsula and New Britain/ Bougainville regions and relatively low level of hazard in the southern part of the New Guinea highlands block. In Huon Peninsula, as shown by seismic hazard disaggregation results, high level of hazard is caused by modelled frequent moderate to large earthquakes occurring at Ramu-Markham Fault zone. On the other hand in New Britain/Bougainville region, the geometry and distance to the subduction zone along New Britain Trench mainly controls the calculated level of hazard. It is also shown that estimated level of PGAs is very sensitive to the selection of GMPEs and overall the results are closer to the results from studies using more recent ground-motion models.

A component of the PNG-Australia Volcanological Services Support (VSS) Project funded by AusAID

<div>The city of Lae is Papua New Guinea (PNG)’s second largest, and is the home of PNG’s largest port. Here, a convergence rate of ~50 mm/yr between the South Bismarck Plate and the Australian Plate is accommodated across the Ramu-Markham Fault Zone (RMFZ). The active structures of the RMFZ are relatively closely spaced to the west of Lae. However, the fault zone bifurcates immediately west of the Lae urban area, with one strand continuing to the east, and a second strand trending southeast through Lae City and connecting to the Markham Trench within the Huon Gulf. </div><div>The geomorphology of the Lae region relates to the interaction between riverine (and limited marine) deposition and erosion, and range-building over low-angle thrust faults of the RMFZ. Flights of river terraces imply repeated tectonic uplift events; dating of these terraces will constrain the timing of past earthquakes and associated recurrence intervals. Terrace riser heights are typically on the order of 3 m, indicating causative earthquake events of greater than magnitude 7. </div><div>Future work will expose the most recently active fault traces in trenches to assess single event displacements, and extend the study to the RMFZ north of Nadzab Airport. These results will inform a seismic hazard and risk assessment for Lae city and surrounding region.</div> Presented at the 2023 Australian Earthquake Engineering Society (AEES) Conference

The Papua New Guinea (PNG) region has been formed within an oblique convergence zone between the north-northeasterly moving Australian plate and the Pacific plate. The region is subject to most types of tectonic activity, including active folding, faulting and volcanic eruptions and hence is arguably one of the most seismically active regions in the world. Given its high level of seismic activity, PNG would benefit from a dense monitoring network to enhance the efficiency of the earthquake emergency response operations. A program to densify the earthquake monitoring network of PNG by utilizing low-cost sensors has been developed by Geoscience Australia in collaboration with the Department of Mineral Policy and Geohazards Management in PNG. To verify the performance, trial low-cost sensors were co-located with observatory-quality instrumentation for a period of one month in Port Moresby and Rabaul observatories. The comparisons demonstrated comparable recording results across a wide seismic frequency range. Once this proved successful, the first deployments were undertaken recently, with sensors installed in the Bialla International School, Kimbe International School and the Earth Science Division of the University of PNG. Educational institutions are ideal for the installation of these sensors as they can provide guaranteed internet and electricity, allowing for continuous monitoring of earthquakes. The data acquired by these stations will feed into the existing networks for national earthquake and volcano monitoring, thus expanding the national seismic network of PNG. This work is being undertaken as part of the Australian Aid program. Presented at the 2020 Seismological Society of America (SSA) Annual Meeting

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Papua New Guinea (PNG) lies in a belt of intense tectonic activity that experiences high levels of seismicity. Although this seismicity poses significant risks to society, the Building Code of PNG and its underpinning seismic loading requirements have not been revised since 1982. This study aims to partially address this gap by updating the seismic zoning map on which the earthquake loading component of the building code is based. We performed a new probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for PNG. Among other enhancements, for the first time together with background sources, individual fault sources are implemented to represent active major and microplate boundaries in the region to better constrain the earthquake-rate and seismic-source models. The seismic-source model also models intraslab, Wadati-Benioff zone seismicity in a realistic way using a continuous slab volume to constrain the finite ruptures of such events. The results suggest a high level of hazard in the coastal areas of the Huon Peninsula and the New Britain–Bougainville region, and a relatively low level of hazard in the southern part of the New Guinea Highlands Block. In comparison with the seismic zonation map in the current design standard, it can be noted that the spatial distribution used for building design does not match the bedrock hazard distribution of this study. In particular, the high seismic hazard of the Huon Peninsula in the revised assessment is not captured in the current building code of PNG. We will also discuss how the seismic hazard map of PNG is being used to underpin its building code, including what steps have been taken by GA together with the Government of PNG to promote uptake of the new hazard map by PNG’s earthquake engineering community.