<div>The A1 poster incorporates 4 images of Australia taken from space by Earth observing satellites. The accompanying text briefly introduces sensors and the bands within the electromagnetic spectrum. The images include examples of both true and false colour and the diverse range of applications of satellite images such as tracking visible changes to the Earth’s surface like crop growth, bushfires, coastal changes and floods. Scientists, land and emergency managers use satellite images to analyse vegetation, surface water or human activities as well as evaluate natural&nbsp;hazards.</div>

Widespread flooding and associated damage in south-east Queensland during January and February, 2011 have demonstrated the importance of flood risk assessment. Flood risk assessment requires knowledge of the hazard, nature of properties exposed and their vulnerability to flood damage. Flood risk assessment can addresses different aspects of flood risk, i.e., hydrological, structural, economic and social aspects. This report presents the results of work undertaken by Geoscience Australia during 2011-2012 to further the understanding of the vulnerability of Australian buildings to inundation. The work consists of three parts: 1. Development of vulnerability curves for inundation, without velocity, of residential homes of the types encountered during surveys following the January, 2011 flooding in south-east Queensland. 2. Development of vulnerability curves for inundation, without velocity, of building types typical of the Alexandria Canal area of the inner south of Sydney. 3. Development of vulnerability curves for inundation with velocity (storm surge) of residential homes of the types encountered during surveys following TC Yasi, February, 2011.

Floods are Australia's most expensive natural hazard with the average annual cost of floods estimated at AUD$377 million (BITRE 2008). This figure is likely to have risen following the widespread and devastating floods across eastern Australia that occurred over the summer of 2010-11. The development of tools to support the identification and analysis of flood risk is an important first step in reducing the cost of floods in the community. The Australian Government through Geoscience Australia (GA) has been leading the development of tools which assist in flood intelligence, modelling and damage assessment. An overview of three of these tools will be provided in this presentation. Note: Rest of abstract is too long for space provided.

An integrated multi-scale approach has been used to map and assess shallow (<100m) aquitards in unconsolidated alluvial sediments beneath the Darling River floodplain. The study integrated a regional-scale (7,500km2) airborne electromagnetics (AEM) survey with targeted ground electrical surveys, downhole lithological and geophysical (induction, gamma and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)) logging, hydraulic testing and hydrogeochemistry obtained from a 100 borehole (7.5km) sonic and rotary drilling program. Electrical conductivity mapping confirmed a relatively continuous lacustrine Blanchetown Clay aquitard, mostly below the water table. The Blanchetown Clay is typically 5-10m thick with a maximum thickness of 18m but, importantly, can also be absent. Variations (up to 60m) in the elevation of the aquitard top surface are attributed partly to neotectonics, including warping, discrete fault offsets, and regional tilting. Hydrograph responses in overlying and underlying aquifers, laboratory permeameter measurements on cores, and hydrogeochemical data demonstrate where the Blanchetown Clay acts as an effective aquitard. In these areas, the AEM and induction logs can show an electrical conductivity (EC) decrease towards the centre of the clay rich aquitard, contrary to the typical response of saturated clays. Even though the aquitard centre is below the watertable, core moisture data and NMR total water logs indicate very low water content, explaining the relatively low EC response. The NMR logs also indicate that the clay aquitard is partially saturated both from the top and the bottom. This suggests very low hydraulic conductivities for the aquitard resulting in negligible vertical leakage in these areas. This is supported by core permeameter measurements of less than 10-12 m/s.

The increasing availability of high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) is leading to improvements in flood analysis and predictions of surface-groundwater interaction in floodplain landscapes. To produce accurate predictions of flood inundation and calculations of flood volume, a 1m resolution LiDAR DEM was initially levelled to the Darling River floodplain by subtracting interpolated floodplain elevation trend surface from the DEM. This produces a de-trended flood-plain surface. Secondly, the levelled DEM surface was adjusted to the water-level reading at the Darling-River gauging station (Site 425012) at the time when the LiDAR was acquired. Flood extents were derived by elevation slicing of the adjusted levelled DEM up to any chosen river level. River-level readings from historical and current events utilised NSW Office of Water real-time river data. The flood-depth dataset is an inverted version of the flood-extent grid. Predicted flood depth and extent were classified by depth/elevation slice ranges of the adjusted de-trended DEM with 25 and 50 cm increments. In summary, the extent and depth of water inundation across the Darling floodplain have been predicted under different flooding scenarios, and validated using satellite data from historical (1990) and recent (2010/11) flood events. In all cases imagery and photo validation proved that predicted extents are accurate. The flood-risk predictions were then applied to a number of river-level scenarios. The flood risk predictions maps have been used as an input into developing recharge potential maps, and are being employed in flood-hazard assessments and infrastructure planning.

The Australian Flood Studies Database is available on line by Geoscience Australia. The database provides metadata on Australian flood studies and information on flood risk with a digital version where available. The purpose of the document is to guide new users in data entry and uploading of flood studies to a level acceptable for inclusion in the database.

Every year floods cause millions of dollars damage to buildings and infrastructure, as well as to agricultural land and crops. They also disrupt business, and affect the safety and health of communities. The losses due to flooding vary widely from year to year and are dependent on a number of factors such as the severity of a flood and its location. Between 1967 and 2005 the average annual direct cost of floods in Australia has been estimated at AUD$377 million (BITRE 2008). This figure is likely to have risen following the widespread and devastating floods across eastern Australia that occurred over the summer of 2010-11.

With the average annual cost of floods estimated at $377 million, floods are Australia's most expensive natural hazard. As a result, considerable expenditure is made by government and industry to define flood areas in an effort to reduce the impacts of floods. This work typically involves the creation of reports describing the methodology used, data sources and results of hydrological and hydraulic modelling and damage assessments. While numerous reports are developed each year, there was no centralised record of what studies had been undertaken in Australia at a state/territory or national level until the development of the Australian Flood Studies Database in 2004. In 2009 Geoscience Australia reviewed the Australian Floods Studies Database via an online questionnaire. Opinion of the database was sought in three key areas including database functionality and content, and updating the database. The respondents confirmed the usefulness of the existing database content including hydrology and hydraulic scenarios, historical flood events used in the calibration, terrain and floor level surveys, damage assessments, inundation and hazard scenarios, information on what has occurred since a study's completion and related studies. Recurring themes highlighted by the survey respondents include the ability to be able to access the flood study reports and GIS flood layers via the database and be able to input data. Over 170 people completed the survey; 90% of whom were from local government. While only 20% of respondents had used the database, 72% of all respondents to the survey indicated that they would use the database in the future, whether or not they had used the database in the past. Three main recommendations can be concluded from the survey responses. The first recommendation is that the Australian Flood Studies Database is updated and that the lead agency for floodplain management in each State/Territory be responsible for that update on at least an annual basis. The second recommendation is that the database's existing functionality and content is maintained and further enhanced. The final recommendation is that the database is further publicised.

In this study, various hydrochemical approaches were used to understand recharge processes in shallow (<120m) unconsolidated alluvial sediments in a 7,500 km2 area of the Darling River floodplain. Pore fluids were extracted from sediments from 60 sonic-cored bores, and together with surface and groundwater samples, provided a hydrochemical dataset with over 1600 samples and 25 analytes. Major ion chemistry highlights a mixing signature between river waters, the shallow unconfined aquifer and the underlying semi-confined Calivil Formation aquifer. These represent the fresh groundwater resources near the river and are Na-(Ca-Mg)-HCO3-Cl waters. Away from the influence of river leakage, the regional groundwater is more saline and sodic with an evolved Na-Cl-SO4 watertype. The mixing associated with river leakage is also supported by age dating. Stable isotope data show that recharge is episodic and linked to high-flow flood events rather than continuous river leakage, as demonstrated by hydrographic monitoring. The combination of surface water and groundwater sampling, the pore fluid analyses and fuzzy-k means (FCM) cluster analysis, provides a novel, relatively simple but powerful tool to assist with interpretation of groundwater processes. The FCM cluster analysis used analytes that were present in at least 60% of samples and resulted in samples being classified into eight classes (or hydrochemical facies). Pore fluids and groundwater with the greatest affinity to the surface water samples were easily identified. In this way, sites with significant active recharge, principally by river leakage, were mapped. Downhole plots of the pore fluid FCM classes provided additional insights into groundwater processes. Comparing the FCM classification of pore fluids within the target (semi)confined aquifer with those from the overlying clay aquitard and shallow aquifer allowed the assessment of vertical inter-aquifer leakage.

This document describes a structure for exchanging information to assist discovery and retrieval/transfer of flood information, including GIS flood mapping data. The draft class model represents metadata, data and summary information that supports the goals of the National Flood Risk Information Project (NFRIP) to improve the quality, consistency and accessibility of flood information. This document describes the data model that will be used to create an application schema.