This report outlines the high precision level survey completed between the Sea Level Fine Resolution Acoustic Measuring Equipment (SEAFRAME) tide gauge and the Continuous Global Navigation Satellite System (CGNSS) Station in Tarawa, Kiribati from 15th - 22nd August 2013.

The integrity and strength of multi-technique terrestrial reference frames, such as realisations of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF), depend on the precisely measured and expressed local-tie connections between space geodetic observing systems at co-located observatories. Australia has several observatories which together host the full variety of space geodetic observation techniques, including Global Navigation Satellites Systems (GNSS), Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) and Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS) beacons. This report documents the technical aspects of the survey undertaken to determine the local-tie connections at the Katherine VLBI Observatory. The Observatory is located at the Charles Darwin University campus near Katherine in the Northern Territory. The Observatory has a 12 m radio telescope that is used for VLBI, co-located with two permanent GNSS sites, one of which contributes to the International GNSS Service (IGS) network. The survey was conducted in July 2010 by surveyors from Geoscience Australia. Precision classical geodetic observations were combined with geodetic GNSS observations to determine for the first time the relationship between the VLBI system invariant point (IVP) and the conventional reference points of the GNSS antennas and the surrounding survey control. The results of this survey have been provided to the International Earth Rotation Service (IERS) for inclusion in the next realisation of the ITRF.

This Record describes techniques which can be used to predict surface deformation caused by natural or anthropogenic subsurface fluid changes. Using predictive (forward) models, simulations have been developed to estimate the range of surface deformation caused by the Coal Seam Gas (CSG) extraction operations in the Surat Basin. The objectives of this research were to: - Develop a predictive model that enables Geoscience Australia to estimate the magnitude and areal extent of surface deformation caused by natural or anthropogenic fluid activities. - Report the capability, accuracy and limitations of the predictive model. - Apply the predictive model to Coal Seam Gas operations in the Surat Basin, Queensland. - Describe the monitoring techniques capable of measuring subsurface fluid changes - Discuss how geodetic data can be used to constrain the poroelastic properties of reservoirs.

Editors; Hoatson, D.M. and Lewis, B.C. Authors: Hoatson, D.M., Miezitis, Y., Jaireth, S. and Huston, D.L. The major aims of this report are to review the distribution, geological characteristics, resources, and potential of PGEs in Australia, and provide a mineral-systems-based framework for successful low-risk exploration. A mineral-system approach has been used to classify ~500 PGE deposits and occurrences documented in this report. This approach focuses on mineral-forming processes critical to the formation of a particular deposit. It differs from descriptive classifications in that it can be used to predict new areas and types of PGE mineralisation. The classification used is hierarchical in structure, with the highest-level category of deposits called 'Mineral-System Class'. There are twelve major classes that fall within the broad-mineral systems: Orthomagmatic (classes 1 to 7), Hydrothermal-Metamorphic (class 8), Regolith-Laterite (class 9), Placer (class 10), Astrobleme-related (class 11), and a final class with minor or unknown economic importance (class 12). This report concludes that, as seen globally, mineralised stratabound layers in Precambrian layered mafic-ultramafic intrusions in Australia are considered to have high potential for a major economic PGE resource. Such layers are attractive targets as they display: lateral continuity; have uniform grades (1 g/t to 6 g/t Pt+Pd+Au) and thicknesses; contain a significant component of the elements Pt, Pd, Rh, Au; and have potential for large-tonnage multi-element deposits (PGEs, Cr, Cu, Ni, Co, Au). Large Igneous Provinces may also provide opportunities for major economic PGE resource discoveries, despite the challenges of: defining favourable mineralised environments across large areas and under cover; lack of reliable geochronological and geochemical data for identifying different phases of the magmatic system; and a general perception that the global type example (Norilsk-Talnakh in Russia) may be a 'unique' mineral system.

Landslides are a complex geological hazard triggered by a combination of factors depending on their magnitude and type (Figure 1). There are a number of methodologies employed for landslide susceptibility mapping around the world. The method adopted should vary according to the individual characteristics of the landslide being considered. The method of landslide susceptibility mapping adopted here was developed using an existing method, the InfoVal method (van Westen 1997), adapting it for use with the open source software QGIS. QGIS was chosen as the GIS system due to its use by other natural hazard scientists in Papua New Guinea and in the region, and because it is free and open source.

Results from the 2012 SPAC (Spatial Autocorrelation) survey that collected data at 25 sites in Newcastle and 2 in Sydney are presented. Two approaches to the analysis of the SPAC data were compared as well as comparison with the results of direct measurement.

This report outlines the levelling survey completed during the visit to Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) from 2nd to 9th August 2012.

This report outlines the high precision level survey completed between the SEAFRAME tide gauge and continuous GNSS station in Majuro, Marshall Islands from 12-18 June 2012.

This report outlines the levelling survey completed during the visit to Nauru from 6 to 15 February 2012.

This report outlines the high precision level survey completed between the SEAFRAME tide gauge and continuous GPS station in Apia, Western Samoa from 1 - 13 November 2011.