Published estimates for heavy metal emissions from the copper-nickel industry on the Kola Peninsula are re-examined in the light of: a) Official emission figures for 1994, b) Modelled emissions based on dry and wet deposition estimates based on data from snow and rain samples collected in 1994 and c) Chemical data on the composition of the ores. The modelled emissions, official emission figures and chemical data are mutually compatible for Ni, Cu and Co and show that previously published figures underestimated the emissions of the major elements, Ni and Cu (though within the same order of magnitude) and overestimated the emissions of As, Pb, Sb and Zn by up to several orders of magnitude, in some cases exceeding the calculated total input to the plants. Published estimates have neglected information on the nature and chemistry of the ores processed in metallurgical industries in the Noril-sk area of Siberia and the Urals. Revised emission estimates for 1994, using knowledge of the chemistry of the ores, are proposed: taken with published information on total emissions up to 2000 these data give an indication of emission levels in more recent years.

There is a general acceptance amongst the analytical community that geological materials must be reduced to less than 75 microns grain size to reduce particle-size effects and to reduce minerals sufficiently to provide a representative analysis of the sample. This study examines several aspects of this assumption, by comparing the XRF analysis of pressed powder pellets and fused glass discs of the same samples in coarse- and fine-grained form; quantifying the grain-size difference between these samples by laser particle size analysis. An examination of the effect that overloading a grinding head can have on the efficiency of grinding was also carried out. Coarse- and fine-grained aliquots of the same samples were pressed into powder pellets and trace elements analysed by a Philips PW2404 X-ray Fluorescence spectrometer. These same samples were fused into Lithium meta/tetra Borate discs and analysed for major elements by XRF. A sub-sample of this glass disc was acid-digested and trace elements analysed on an Agilent 7500CE ICP-MS. Results obtained were compared. Grinding head efficiency was examined by pulverising increasing weights of the same rock sample in a Rocklabs TC-200 Tungsten Carbide grinding head in a Rocklabs Standard Ring Mill. The same methodology as outlined above was then used to analyse the fractions and compare the results. A Malvern 2000E Laser Particle Size analyser was used to quantify the grain size of the samples analysed. Analytical results will be presented, highlighting the effects of the varying grain size.

Legacy product - no abstract available

Legacy product - no abstract available

Legacy product - no abstract available

Legacy product - no abstract available

Abstract attached

The current perception is that rocks of the tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) suite are the dominant Archaean granite type, that only become less important towards the end of the Archaean with the onset of significant reworking of older continental crust and the production of more potassic granites. This broadly established sequence is, however, oversimplified. Clearly different granites, including high-Mg varieties, alkaline/sub-alkaline granites, and granites with A-type affinities, are also important in the Archaean. More importantly, the increasing recognition of granites with evidence for an enriched-mantle component is providing constraints on both crustal growth mechanisms and on possible tectonic environments. Archaean granites in Australia are best known from the Pilbara and Yilgarn Cratons, Western Australia. Both are examples of Archaean granite-greenstone terrains dominated (>65%) by granites (and orthogneisses). This paper compares and contrasts granites from the central and eastern parts of the Pilbara Craton (CEP) with those from the Eastern part of the Yilgarn Craton (EY). Geological data combined with a compilation of >1200 geochemical analyses are utilised to identify both broad regional granite groups and secular changes within the both regions. Although the cratons exhibit different pre-histories it is notable that they share a somewhat similar pattern of granite evolution. It is clear that the granite types in both the CEP and EY exhibit an overall tendency to become more potassic (higher LILE contents), but also more variable in composition with time. This reflects initial continental crustal growth, and subsequent reworking, to produce an increasingly mature and heterogeneous crust, occurring over a long period (eastern CEP), or very rapidly (EY, western CEP). There is also increasing evidence for enriched-mantle components in post 3.0 Ga magma production, in both the CEP and EY, that probably reflect subduction-environment processes. Finally, it is evident that TTG magmatism, often regarded as a voluminous characteristic of Archaean terrains, is, at the present exposure level, relatively poorly represented in both the Pilbara and Yilgarn cratons, and particularly the latter. Volumetrically, more important in these regions, are granites with a high pressure signature, that fall into a more felsic more potassic (LILE-richer) group, best thought of as transitional TTGs. The presence of such granites can be taken as indicative of the involvement of pre-existing felsic crust at the time of their genesis, unlike more typical TTGs.

Isotopic and biomarker analyses has identified 9 distinct petroleum families in the Bonaprate Basin, which can be corellated with source rocks of Cretaceous-Carboniferous age.

No abstract available