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Coastal aquifer vulnerability to seawater intrusion.

Assessment of archive and contemporary mineral exploration data has highlighted prospective sand-bearing aquifers >200 metres deep in several Cenozoic Basins in central Australia. Funded by the National Water Commission's Palaeovalley Groundwater Project we conducted initial evaluation of the aquifer potential of these deep fluvial sands by drilling new waterbores. Our borehole data indicates significant groundwater resources (10s-100s of GL), hitherto unknown, exist at depth in the Ti Tree Basin, 200 kilometres north of Alice Springs. Previous groundwater studies here have focussed solely on the upper 100 metre-thick sedimentary sequence, neglecting the significant deeper resources. Based on new drilling and other exploration data, we now conceptualise the Ti Tree Basin as a three-layer hydrostratigraphic system. Our work also demonstrates the potential for deep and previously unidentified groundwater resources elsewhere in central Australia. In the Mount Wedge Basin, located ~220 kilometres west of Alice Springs, we intersected a sand-rich sequence buried >400 metres deep. Here, new drilling data integrated with remote sensing and geophysical mapping has enhanced understanding of the regional groundwater potential of deep Cenozoic aquifers. Hydrostratigraphic correlations with other arid zone palaeovalleys indicate that these relatively thick multi-layer aquifers are unique to central Australia. Importantly, new hydraulic head data also implies that the deep groundwater resources are, at least in part, connected with the shallower groundwater systems. As these near-surface aquifers are commonly exploited in central Australia (e.g., Ti Tree horticulture), recognition of connectivity with deeper groundwater systems has important implications for current and future resource management.

The Frome airborne electromagnetic (AEM) survey is the largest of three regional AEM surveys flown under the 5-year Onshore Energy Security Program (OESP) by Geoscience Australia (GA). The aim of the survey is to reduce risk and stimulate exploration investment for uranium by providing reliable pre-competitive data. The Frome AEM survey was flown between 22 May and 2 November 2010, is approximately 95 450 km2 in area and collected 32 317 line km of new data at an average flying height of 100 m. The Frome AEM survey covers the Marree (pt), Callabonna (pt), Copley (pt), Frome (pt), Parachilna (pt), Curnamona, Olary and Chowilla (pt) 1:250 000 standard map sheets in South Australia and was flown largely at 2.5 km line spacing, with the northern portion flown at 5 km line spacing. GA partnered with, the Department of Primary Industries and Resources South Australia and an industry consortium. The survey results indicate a depth of investigation (DOI - depth of reliable signal penetration) of up to 400 m in areas of thin cover and resistive basement (e.g., Adelaidean rocks in the Olary Ranges). In Cenozoic - Mesozoic sediments in the Frome Embayment and the Murray Basin the DOI is up to 100-150 m. A range of under-cover features are revealed, including (but not limited to): extensions to known palaeovalley networks in the Frome Embayment; the under-cover extent of the Benagerie Ridge; regional faults in the Frome Embayment and Murray Basin; folded and faulted Neoproterozoic rocks in the Adelaide Fold Belt; Cenozoic - Mesozoic stratigraphy in the Frome Embayment; neotectonic offsets in the Lake Eyre Basin; conductive Neoproterozoic rocks associated with copper-gold mineralisation; and, coal-bearing structures in the Leigh Creek area, as well as groundwater features.

Regolith carbonate or secondary carbonate is a key component of the regolith, particularly in many Mediterranean, arid and semi-arid regions of Australia. National maps of regolith carbonate distribution have been compiled from regional soil, regolith and geological mapping with varying degrees of confidence and consistency. Here we apply a decision tree approach based on a piecewise linear regression model to estimate and map the near-surface regolith carbonate concentration at the continental scale. The model is based on relationships established from the 1311 field sites of the National Geochemical Survey of Australia (NGSA) and 49 national environmental covariate datasets. Regolith carbonate concentration (weight %) was averaged from the <2 mm grain size-fractions of samples taken from two depth ranges (0-10 cm and ~60-80 cm) at each NGSA site. The final model is based on the average of 20 runs generated by randomly selecting 90% training and 10% validation splits of the input data. Results present an average coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.56 on the validation dataset. The covariates used in the prediction are consistent with our understanding of the controls on the sources (inputs), preservation and distribution of regolith carbonate within the Australian landscape. The model produces a continuous, quantitative prediction of regolith carbonate abundance in surficial regolith at a resolution of 90 m with associated estimates of model uncertainty. The model-derived map is broadly consistent with our current knowledge of the distribution of carbonate-rich soil and regolith in Australia. This methodology allows the rapid generation of an internally consistent and continuous layer of geoinformation that may be applicable to other carbonate-rich landscapes globally. The methodology used in this study has the potential to be used in predicting other geochemical constituents of the regolith.

This study investigated the surrogacy relationships between marine physical variables and the distribution of marine infauna species and measures of benthic biodiversity across the continental shelf offshore from Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. The three study areas are located at Mandu Creek, Point Cloates and Gnaraloo covering a combined area of 1038 km2. The physical variables include morphometric variables derived from multibeam bathymetry data, texture measures derived from acoustic backscatter data, sediment variables from 265 samples, seabed exposure estimates and geomorphic feature types. Together, these data were used to model total abundance and species richness, and 10 individual infauna species using a Random Forest Decision Tree. The key findings are: - Generally, the surrogacy relationships are stronger at Gnaraloo than at Mandu and Point Cloates. This is likely due to the fact that Gnaraloo is dominated by soft sediment and Point Cloates and Mandu have larger areas of hard substrates which preclude infauna. - At Gnaraloo, the most important physical surrogates were the sediment variables. - At Point Cloates, the most important physical surrogates were the bathymetry-derived parameters including seabed heterogeneity, morphological position, and slope. - At Mandu, the most important physical surrogates were the mixture of the bathymetry- derived parameters including morphological position and geomorphic features, and the sediment variables including gravel content, and backscatter derived texture measures. - Seabed exposure was not a useful physical surrogate for the infauna distribution in this study. The likely reasons are not clear, but could be a function of the grid resolution (150 m) of the hydrodynamic model used to generate the exposure variable relative to infaunal patterns; or that the infauna species are protected by the sediment from seabed disturbance.

Micro-Raman spectroscopy has become an important, versatile, non-destructive technique that is well-suited for the study of minerals and the inclusions they may contain. This technique is particularly useful in cases where the more common techniques (e.g. electron microprobe or X-ray diffraction analysis) cannot be used, for example, because of the impossibility to separate or prepare the sample to be studied. Another advantage of micro-Raman spectroscopy is that polymorphs with the same chemical composition can be easily distinguished. Furthermore, the Raman mapping technique can be used to generate a spectroscopic map of the sample. The wealth of detailed spectral information produced during Raman mapping has made this an extremely valuable technique for detailed studies of internally heterogeneous minerals. Because of the ability to perform analyses non-destructively, the micro-Raman technique has become an extremely valuable tool in the study of gemstones, which includes their identification and the identification of inclusions, and the detection of potential treatments done to enhance their colour and clarity. For example Millsteed et al. (2005) used micro-Raman spectroscopy for the characterisation of rhodonite from Broken Hill and also the solid and fluid inclusions trapped within the rhodonite. Raman analysis has also been applied to the study of minerals that were fully or partially amorphised due to the effects of radioactivity, as for instance in radiation-damaged zircon, monazite and biotite. The Raman spectra provide information on the degree of short-range order and crystallinity, respectively. Another application based on crystillinity has been the characterisation of carbonaceous materials ranging from kerogens to granulite-facies graphite. This has led to the development of new geothermometers based on the Raman spectra of carbonaceous materials in metasediments (e.g. Beyssac et al., 2002).

Some of the most visible consequences arising from climate change are sea level rise and more intense and frequent storms. On the open coast and low lying estuarine waterways these impacts will lead to the increased risks of inundation, storm surge and coastal erosion that can damage beaches, property and infrastructure and impact on a significant number of people. Understanding the potential risk of these coastal hazards is critical for coastal zone management and the formulation of adaptation responses, while early action is likely to be the most cost effective approach to managing the risk. Geoscience Australia (GA) is assisting the Australian Government's Department of Climate Change to develop a 'first pass' National Coastal Vulnerability Assessment. GA and the University of Tasmania (UTas) are developing fundamental spatial datasets and GIS modelling tools to identify which land areas of the Australian coast are likely to be physically sensitive to the effects of sea level rise, storms and storm surge. Of special interest is to identify sensitive areas where there is significant property and infrastructure that will be the focus of a more detailed study in a second pass assessment. A new national shoreline geomorphic and stability map or Smartline, developed for the project by UTas, is a key new spatial dataset. The Smartline is an interactive, nationally-consistent coastal GIS map in the form of a segmented line. Each line segment identifies distinct coastal landform types using multiple attribute fields to describe important aspects of the geology, geomorphology and topography of the coast. These data enable an assessment of the stability of the coast and its sensitivity to the potential impacts of shoreline erosion (soft coast) and inundation (low-lying coast), providing a useful indicative coastal risk assessment.

Regional airborne electromagnetic (AEM) data provide valuable information for mapping the shallow crust. Data are particularly useful for mapping buried paleotopography including paleovalleys and paleochannels, showing the depth to conductive geological units (and perhaps related faults), and altered and weathered unconformity surfaces, that may be less evident in other regional datasets. Geoscience Australia (GA) has recently acquired and released regional AEM data in the Paterson area of Western Australia, which is one of the most highly prospective areas in Australia. GA is currently in the process of assessing the potential of basinal fluid-related uranium systems in the area, including unconformity-related, sandstone-hosted and calcrete-hosted systems. Interpretation uses this key dataset, along with other available geological, geophysical and remotely sensed data and publicly available drill hole data, Outputs of this assessment include a number of prospectivity maps for these uranium systems. Preliminary interpretations of the AEM data have identified paleovalleys containing Permian and younger sediments and fluid pathways as aquifers in Permian and younger sediments on-lapping the Rudall Complex, Fortescue Basin and Pilbara Craton. In some places, the AEM data map unconformities of Mesozoic over Permian and Permian over the Neoproterozoic Yeneena and Officer Basins and Mesoproterozoic Rudall Complex. The unconformity surface between the Neoproterozoic Yeneena and Officer Basin sediments over rocks of the Rudall Complex or Pilbara Craton appears poorly defined in the data. The AEM data are opening up new avenues of investigation for uranium systems and have shown the utility of flying regional AEM surveys over highly prospective areas.

Geoscience Australia has recently released the 2012 version of the National Earthquake Hazard Map of Australia. Among other applications, the map is a key component of Australia's earthquake loading code AS1170.4. In this presentation we will provide an overview of the new maps and how they were put together. The new maps take advantage of the significant improvements in both the data sets and models used for earthquake hazard assessment in Australia since the current map in AS1170.4 was produced. These include: - An additional 20+ years of earthquake observations - Improved methods of declustering earthquake catalogues and calculating earthquake recurrence - Ground motion prediction equations (i.e. attenuation equations) based on observed strong motions instead of intensity - Revised earthquake source zones - Improved maximum magnitude earthquake estimates based on palaeoseismology - The use of open source software for undertaking probabilistic seismic hazard assessment which promotes testability and repeatability Hazard maps will be presented for a range of response spectral acceleration (RSA) periods between 0.0 and 1.0s and for multiple return periods between a few hundred to a few thousand years. These maps will be compared with the current earthquake hazard map in AS1170.4. For a return period of 500 years, the hazard values in the 0.0s RSA period map were generally lower than the hazard values in the current AS1170.4 map. By contrast the 0.2s RSA period hazard values were generally higher.