Geoscience Australia’s regional assessments and basin inventories are investigating Australia’s groundwater systems to improve knowledge of the nation’s groundwater potential under the Exploring for the Future (EFTF) Program and Geoscience Australia’s Strategy 2028. Where applicable, integrated basin analysis workflows are being used to build geological architecture advancing our understanding of hydrostratigraphic units and tie them to a nationally consistent chronostratigraphic framework. Here we focus on the Great Artesian Basin (GAB) and overlying Lake Eyre Basin (LEB), where groundwater is vital for pastoral, agricultural and extractive industries, community water supplies, as well as supporting indigenous cultural values and sustaining a range of groundwater dependent ecosystems such as springs and vegetation communities. Geoscience Australia continued to revise the chronostratigraphic framework and hydrostratigraphy for the GAB infilling key data and knowledge gaps from previous compilations. In collaboration with Commonwealth and State government agencies, we compiled and standardised thousands of boreholes, stratigraphic picks, 2D seismic and airborne electromagnetic data across the GAB. We undertook a detailed stratigraphic review on hundreds of key boreholes with geophysical logs to construct consistent regional transects across the GAB and LEB, using geological time constraints from hundreds of boreholes with existing and newly interpreted biostratigraphic data. We infilled the stratigraphic correlations along key transects across Queensland, New South Wales, South Australia and Northern Territory borders to refine nomenclature and stratigraphic relationships between the Surat, Eromanga and Carpentaria basins, improving chronostratigraphic understanding within the Jurassic to Cretaceous units. We extended the GAB geological framework to the overlying LEB to better resolve the Cenozoic stratigraphy and potential hydrogeological connectivity. New data and information fill gaps and refine the previous 3D hydrogeological model of the entire GAB and LEB. The new 3D geological and hydrostratigraphic model provides a framework to integrate additional hydrogeological and rock property data. It assists in refining hydraulic relationships between aquifers within the GAB and provides a basis for developing more detailed hydrogeological system conceptualisations. This is a step towards the future goal of quantifying hydraulic linkages with underlying basins, and overlying Cenozoic aquifers to underpin more robust understanding of the hydrogeological systems within the GAB. This approach can be extended to other regional hydrogeological systems. This Abstract was submitted/presented at the 2023 Australasian Exploration Geoscience Conference (AEGC) 13-18 March (https://2023.aegc.com.au/)

<div>This report brings together data and information relevant to understanding the regional geology, hydrogeology, and groundwater systems of the South Nicholson – Georgina (SNG) region in the Northern Territory and Queensland. This integrated, basin-scale hydrogeological assessment is part of Geoscience Australia’s National Groundwater Systems project in the Exploring for the Future program. While the northern Georgina Basin has been at the centre of recent investigations as part of studies into the underlying Beetaloo Sub-basin, no regional groundwater assessments have focused on central and southern parts of the Georgina Basin since the 1970s. Similarly, there has been no regional-scale hydrogeological investigation of the deeper South Nicholson Basin, although the paucity of groundwater data limited detailed assessment of the hydrogeology of this basin. This comprehensive desktop study has integrated numerous geoscience and hydrogeological datasets to develop a new whole-of-basin conceptualisation of groundwater flow systems and recharge and discharge processes within the regional unconfined aquifers of the Georgina Basin.</div><div><br></div><div>Key outputs arising from this study include: (1) the development of a hydrostratigraphic framework for the region, incorporating improved aquifer attribution for over 5,000 bores; and (2) publicly available basin-scale groundwater GIS data layers and maps, including a regional watertable map for the whole Georgina Basin. This regional assessment provides new insights into the hydrogeological characteristics and groundwater flow dynamics within the Georgina Basin, which can aid in the sustainable management of groundwater for current and future users reliant on this critical water resource.</div><div><br></div><div><br></div>

<div>This report and associated data package provide a compilation of biostratigraphic summaries, borehole logs, and stratigraphic correlations for key boreholes across the Amadeus, Officer and Georgina basins in the Paleozoic‒Neoproterozoic Centralian Superbasin and in the underlying older Mesoproterozoic South Nicholson and southern McArthur basins, laying the groundwork for further studies. This study is part of Geoscience Australia’s National Groundwater Systems project in the Exploring for the Future (EFTF) program.</div><div>This work compiles publicly available borehole data to enhance regional stratigraphic understanding. Future studies should incorporate outcrop constraints, geophysical data, and additional geological dating, alongside collaboration with experts to validate sequence chronostratigraphic correlations. The stratigraphic framework aligns geological units with timeframes, enabling consistent interbasinal correlation to group aquifers and aquitards and sedimentary mapping across lithologies and time periods. This alignment supports the integration of hydrostratigraphic classifications, potentially revealing a more accurate model of water flow connectivity over geological time units. The compilation standardises borehole log interpretation and integrates geological and hydrogeological data, contributing to national databases, exploration guidance, improving groundwater understanding, and resource impact assessments for decision-making across various groundwater, energy and minerals disciplines.</div><div>The study builds on previous EFTF program work (e.g., Bradshaw et al., 2021; Khider et al., 2021; Carson et al., 2023; Anderson et al., 2023) and legacy studies across Australia, addressing challenges in understanding groundwater systems due to limited subsurface geology knowledge and fragmented data across jurisdictions. A nationally coordinated approach is essential, with well logs playing a key role in interpreting subsurface geology. The mapping process involves interpolating between surface outcrops and subsurface strata using borehole data, integrated with geophysical interpretations. The goal is to create a consistent 3D geological framework across time-equivalent basins and jurisdictions, enabling consistent groundwater system assessments and water flow path analysis at regional and national scales.</div><div>Although not intended to be a major re-interpretation of existing data, this stratigraphy review updates stratigraphic picks where necessary to ensure a consistent interpretation across the study area. This framework is based on the 13 Centralian Supersequences defined in Bradshaw et al. (2021). Using this framework, a revised stratigraphic chart is proposed in this study to align geological units across the Officer, Amadeus, and Georgina basins with the geological time scale (Gradstein et al., 2020), incorporating significant events, such as major glaciations, orogens and other tectonic movements. </div><div>This report aims to summarise the main biostratigraphic groups used, where they have been found, and provide a detailed list of the reports available. Existing biostratigraphic data from 142 boreholes in the Georgina, Amadeus, and Officer basins and underlying older southern McArthur and South Nicholson basins, were compiled to improve regional correlations, addressing data gaps identified in previous studies. Due to time constraints, only the five fossil groups found most in borehole data are included, such as trilobites, palynology, conodonts, stromatolites and small shelly fossils. However, outcrop data provides a much larger dataset and set of fossil groups and will need to be incorporated for future studies. Outcrop biostratigraphic data was excluded here, as the focus of this study was collating borehole data. Efforts were made to refine and update formation picks, ensuring consistency in correlations across larger areas. The correlation of geological units and their assignment to the corresponding 13 Centralian Supersequences in 272 key boreholes provide a foundational stratigraphic framework. Challenges include limited biostratigraphic data, diverse dating methods, and complex structural histories in the studied basins. Problems and inconsistencies in the input data or current interpretations are highlighted to suggest where further studies or investigations may be useful. Borehole correlation transects have been established across each of the basins (20 in total), displaying age data points along with formation picks and supersequence divisions. While these simple 2D transects may not capture the structural complexity of specific areas, they provide a broad overview of the interrelationships between different units across each basin.</div><div>The datasets compiled and used in this study are in Appendix A (Biostratigraphic data) and Appendix B (Borehole stratigraphic data).</div>

The document summarises new seismic interpretation metadata for two key horizons from Base Jurassic to mid-Cretaceous strata across the western and central Eromanga Basin, and the underlying Top pre-Permian unconformity. New seismic interpretations were completed during a collaborative study between the National Groundwater Systems (NGS) and Australian Future Energy Resources (AFER) projects. The NGS and AFER projects are part of Exploring for the Future (EFTF)—an eight year, $225 million Australian Government funded geoscience data and precompetitive information acquisition program to inform decision-making by government, community and industry on the sustainable development of Australia's mineral, energy and groundwater resources. By gathering, analysing and interpreting new and existing precompetitive geoscience data and knowledge, we are building a national picture of Australia’s geology and resource potential. This will help support a strong economy, resilient society and sustainable environment for the benefit of all Australians. The EFTF program is supporting Australia’s transition to a low emissions economy, industry and agriculture sectors, as well as economic opportunities and social benefits for Australia’s regional and remote communities. Further details are available at http://www.ga.gov.au/eftf. The seismic interpretations build on previous work undertaken as part of the ‘Assessing the Status of Groundwater in the Great Artesian Basin’ (GAB) Project, commissioned by the Australian Government through the National Water Infrastructure Fund – Expansion (Norton & Rollet, 2022; Vizy & Rollet, 2022; Rollet et al., 2022; Rollet et al., in press.), the NGS Project (Norton & Rollet, 2023; Rollet et al., 2023; Vizy & Rollet, 2023) and the AFER Project (Bradshaw et al., 2022 and in press, Bernecker et al., 2022, Iwanec et al., 2023; Iwanec et al., in press). The recent iteration of revisions to the GAB geological and hydrogeological surfaces (Vizy & Rollet, 2022) provides a framework to interpret various data sets consistently (e.g., boreholes, airborne electromagnetic, seismic data) and in a 3D domain, to improve our understanding of the aquifer geometry, and the lateral variation and connectivity in hydrostratigraphic units across the GAB (Rollet et al., 2022). Vizy and Rollet (2022) highlighted some areas with low confidence in the interpretation of the GAB where further data acquisition or interpretation may reduce uncertainty in the mapping. One of these areas was in the western and central Eromanga Basin. New seismic interpretations are being used in the western Eromanga, Pedirka and Simpson basins to produce time structure and isochore maps in support of play-based energy resource assessment under the AFER Project, as well as to update the geometry of key aquifers and aquitards and the GAB 3D model for future groundwater management under the NGS Project. These new seismic interpretations fill in some data and knowledge gaps necessary to update the geometry and depth of key geological and hydrogeological surfaces defined in a chronostratigraphic framework (Hannaford et al., 2022; Bradshaw et al., 2022 and in press; Hannaford & Rollet, 2023). The seismic interpretations are based on a compilation of newly reprocessed seismic data (Geoscience Australia, 2022), as part of the EFTF program, and legacy seismic surveys from various vintages brought together in a common project with matching parameters (tying, balancing, datum correcting, etc.). This dataset has contributed to a consolidated national data coverage to further delineate groundwater and energy systems, in common data standards and to be used further in integrated workflows of mineral, energy and groundwater assessment. The datasets associated with the product provides value added seismic interpretation in the form of seismic horizon point data for two horizons that will be used to improve correlation to existing studies in the region. The product also provides users with an efficient means to rapidly access a list of core data used from numerous sources in a consistent and cleaned format, all in a single package. The following datasets are provided with this product: 1) Seismic interpretation in a digital format (Appendix A), in two-way-time, on key horizons with publically accessible information, including seismic interpretation on newly reprocessed data: Top Cadna-owie; Base Jurassic; Top pre-Permian; 2) List of surveys compiled and standardised for a consistent interpretation across the study area (Appendix B). 3) Isochore points between Top Cadna-owie and Base Jurassic (CC10-LU00) surfaces (Appendix C). 4) Geographical layer for the seismic lines compiled across Queensland, South Australia and the Northern Territory (Appendix D). These new interpretations will be used to refine the GAB geological and hydrogeological surfaces in this region and to support play-based energy resource assessments in the western Eromanga, Pedirka and Simpson basins.

<div><strong>Output Type: </strong> Exploring for the Future Extended Abstract</div><div><br></div><div><strong>Short Abstract: </strong>Geoscience Australia and the Bureau of Meteorology manage national groundwater datasets and hydrogeological information. To continue building common, trusted and nationally consistent datasets, Geoscience Australia and the Bureau of Meteorology collaborated with state and territory jurisdictions as part of the National Groundwater Systems Project. The National Groundwater Systems Project has developed new national scale datasets to refine the understanding of groundwater systems and improve data standards and workflows of groundwater assessment. The collaboration assessed the currency and availability of national groundwater data, while ensuring consistency between national and state/territory government datasets. The updates include aligning the Bureau’s National Aquifer Framework and the National Groundwater Information System with current geological understanding and Geoscience Australia’s Australian Stratigraphic Units Database. Through collaboration, we also conducted a comprehensive review of dataset differences held by each organisation, from groundwater provinces to aquifer boundaries. This, with outcomes from stakeholder engagement with each jurisdiction, led to proposed data alignments and further development of priorities for future work programs. Together Geoscience Australia and the Bureau of Meteorology have improved dataset alignments, such as dynamically linking the National Aquifer Framework and National Groundwater Information System with the Australian Stratigraphic Units Database such that they synchronously update if changes are made. This enhances their accuracy, consistency, and use across the groundwater community and beyond. Further linkages will need to be developed to increase the use of national hydrogeological datasets, bringing mutual benefits to stakeholders and the broader groundwater community in Australia. This work supports the delivery of the Australian Government’s National Groundwater Strategic Framework.</div><div><br></div><div><strong>Citation: </strong>Rollet, N., Nation, E., Harrison, A., Northey, J., Peljo, M., Bishop, C., Boronkay, A., Ahmad, Z., Vizy, J., Lewis, S., Sundaram, B., Carey, H., Zhang, S., Thiele, Z., Hostetler, S., Brooks, M. &amp; Wethasinghe, C., 2024. Collaborating to update and align national groundwater datasets. In: Czarnota, K. (ed.) Exploring for the Future: Extended Abstracts. Geoscience Australia, Canberra. https://doi.org/10.26186/149291</div>

<div>The Exploring for the Future program is a world leading program, delivering public geoscientific data and information required to empower decision-makers and attract future investment in resource exploration and development. Geoscience Australia engaged Alluvium Consulting Australia to quantify the impact and value of groundwater activities and outputs to the quadruple bottom line through an evaluation of 2 case studies, namely: • National Hydrogeological Mapping • The Southern Stuart Corridor project. This involved understanding the impact pathways for these case studies and the collection of data to be used in a cost benefit analysis. The work sought to provide feedback to Geoscience Australia, stakeholder groups and the broader community on the value of Geoscience Australia’s groundwater activities. The case study evaluations were facilitated by a series of specific questions, which were developed to guide data collection and the building of a knowledge base around the impact and value of the work in each case study and associated outputs. The questions broadly fell under the following categories: 1. Uptake and Usage 2. Impact 3. Benefit These evaluations were framed around the program impact pathway developed for each case study. This is a description of how inputs are used to deliver activities, which in turn result in outcomes and impacts (changes) for stakeholders, including the environment. The primary means of data collection to help answer the key evaluation questions was through online workshops and interviews with key stakeholders for each case study. These were undertaken between March 10 and March 24, 2023. In these workshops and interviews, representatives from industry, community and government agencies were asked if they could identify instances where case study program outputs were used for particular purposes, such as prioritising research or investment, advising Members of Parliament, or education and training. These examples were then explored further to understand what outcomes and benefits were derived from the use of the case study outputs, and how critical were the case study outputs to achieving those outcomes and benefits</div>

<div>The Lake Eyre surface water catchment covers around 1,200,000 km2 of central Australia, about one-sixth of the entire continent. It is one of the largest endorheic river basins in the world and contains iconic arid streams such as the Diamantina, Finke and Georgina rivers, and Cooper Creek. The Lake Eyre region supports diverse native fauna and flora, including nationally significant groundwater-dependent ecosystems such as springs and wetlands which are important cultural sites for Aboriginal Australians.</div><div><br></div><div>Much of the Lake Eyre catchment is underlain by the geological Lake Eyre Basin (LEB). The LEB includes major sedimentary depocentres such as the Tirari and Callabonna sub-basins which have been active sites of deposition throughout the Cenozoic. The stratigraphy of the LEB is dominated by the Eyre, Namba and Etadunna formations, as well as overlying Pliocene to Quaternary sediments.</div><div><br></div><div>The National Groundwater Systems Project, part of Geoscience Australia's Exploring for the Future Program (https://www.eftf.ga.gov.au/), is transforming our understanding of the nation's major aquifer systems. With an initial focus on the Lake Eyre Basin, we have applied an integrated geoscience systems approach to model the basin's regional stratigraphy and geological architecture. This analysis has significantly improved understanding of the extent and thickness of the main stratigraphic units, leading to new insights into the conceptualisation of aquifer systems in the LEB.</div><div><br></div><div>Developing the new understanding of the LEB involved compilation and standardisation of data acquired from thousands of petroleum, minerals and groundwater bores. This enabled consistent stratigraphic analysis of the major geological surfaces across all state and territory boundaries. In places, the new borehole dataset was integrated with biostratigraphic and petrophysical data, as well as airborne electromagnetic (AEM) data acquired through AusAEM (https://www.eftf.ga.gov.au/ausaem). The analysis and integration of diverse geoscience datasets helped to better constrain the key stratigraphic horizons and improved our overall confidence in the geological interpretations.</div><div><br></div><div>The new geological modelling of the LEB has highlighted the diverse sedimentary history of the basin and provided insights into the influence of geological structures on modern groundwater flow systems. Our work has refined the margins of the key depocentres of the Callabonna and Tirari sub-basins, and shown that their sediment sequences are up to 400 m thick. We have also revised maximum thickness estimates for the main units of the Eyre Formation (185 m), Namba Formation (265 m) and Etadunna Formation (180 m).</div><div><br></div><div>The geometry, distribution and thickness of sediments in the LEB is influenced by geological structures. Many structural features at or near surface are related to deeper structures that can be traced into the underlying Eromanga and Cooper basins. The occurrence of neotectonic features, coupled with insights from geomorphological studies, implies that structural deformation continues to influence the evolution of the basin. Structures also affect the hydrogeology of the LEB, particularly by compartmentalising groundwater flow systems in some areas. For example, the shallow groundwater system of the Cooper Creek floodplain is likely segregated from groundwater in the nearby Callabonna Sub-basin due to structural highs in the underlying Eromanga Basin.</div><div> Abstract submitted and presented at the 2023 Australian Earth Science Convention (AESC), Perth WA (https://2023.aegc.com.au/)

Australia is the driest inhabited continent on Earth, and groundwater is crucial to supporting many urban and rural communities, economic activities and environmental values. Geoscience Australia, the nation’s trusted advisor on Earth Science, is renewing a deliberate focus on national-scale hydrogeological challenges within the Exploring for the Future program. This will be accomplished by building upon Geoscience Australia’s historic legacy in groundwater studies, including the development of the 1987 national hydrogeological map. Updating the extents, data and scientific understanding of the regions depicted in this map, and bringing it into a version suitable for access and use in the 21st century, will address many limitations of the existing map and its accompanying knowledge base. This compilation of information on Australia’s major hydrogeological regions, including both geospatial analyses of national datasets and high-level summaries of scientific literature, provides for a clear and consistent synthesis of hydrogeological and related contextual information. Supporting the delivery of the National Water Initiative and National Groundwater Strategic Framework, the inventory will benefit multi-sector water users (agriculture, communities, industry and tourism) and the environment. This work will also directly assist prioritisation and decision-making for future investment, and focus groundwater research in the work programs of Geoscience Australia and potentially inform national hydrogeological research more broadly. <b>Citation: </b>Lewis S. J., Lai E. C. S., Flower C. & Lester J. E., 2022. Towards a national information inventory of Australia’s major hydrogeological regions. In: Czarnota, K (ed.) Exploring for the Future: Extended Abstracts, Geoscience Australia, Canberra, https://dx.doi.org/10.26186/146974

Groundwater supports many communities and industries and provides water for environmental assets around Australia, including rivers, springs, wetlands and groundwater-dependent ecosystems (GDEs). Groundwater, accounts for over 30% of Australia’s total water consumption (NWC 2008) with uses including drinking, irrigation, stock supply and bottling. The demand for groundwater is steadily growing, as Australia’s industrial and agricultural development increases. Knowledge of aquifers and fundamental groundwater processes are important for managing the quantity, quality and sustainability of this resource. Monitoring groundwater by analysing its chemical constituents is integral to understanding groundwater systems and aids effective management. Sampling and analysing groundwater on a regular basis provides a useful tool to understand and monitor changes to groundwater systems. Depending on the purpose of monitoring, a comprehensive, fit-for-purpose, suite of parameters should be collected and tested. Groundwater sampling requires specialised methods and approaches to acquire samples for analysis that represent the in-situ groundwater hydrogeochemical and hydrogeological conditions. Multiple government agencies have produced guidelines to address specific groundwater issues, including: groundwater sampling (Jiwan & Gates, 1992; Rayment & Poplawski, 1992; Hill, 2007; EPA Victoria, 2022; ANSTO; and NMI); groundwater quality sampling in the Murray-Darling Basin (MDBC 1997); groundwater monitoring for community groups (Waterwatch 2005); and sampling for contaminated sites (AWRC, 1991). Groundwater sampling and analysis is a tool that can be used for multiple geoscientific purposes, including: groundwater resource assessment; management and monitoring; carbon capture and storage; mineral exploration; geothermal energy; and energy and resource industries. This document provides a comprehensive guide, applicable to a range of geoscientific disciplines, that draws together information on drilling methods, bore construction, sampling equipment and sampling methods for groundwater analysis. This guide contains standard groundwater sampling protocols, also known as standard operating procedures (SOPs), commonly used by Geoscience Australia (GA) over the last decade. These protocols aim to provide consistency for the acquisition of accurate, repeatable and comparable groundwater datasets and provides confidence in their analysis and interpretation.

<div><strong>Output Type: </strong>Exploring for the Future Extended Abstract</div><div><br></div><div><strong>Short Abstract: </strong>Australia's Great Artesian Basin (GAB) is a vital groundwater system extending across parts of Queensland, New South Wales, South Australia, and the Northern Territory, crucial for community water supplies, economic development, indigenous cultural values and groundwater dependent ecosystems. Managing GAB groundwater poses challenges due to the complex structure of the sedimentary basin, requiring a better understanding of aquifers, aquitards, and hydraulic connections at a whole GAB scale. Additionally, inconsistencies in nomenclature and subdivisions across the basin further complicate the definition and description of these strata. This study employs an integrated basin analysis workflow using new and existing data to create a 3D geological model tied to a consistent chronostratigraphic framework and State and Territory hydrostratigraphic classifications. The model refines the characteristics of 18 hydrogeological units, offering insights into aquifer boundaries and connectivity. This comprehensive approach enhances the 'whole-of-Basin' subsurface geological understanding, benefiting groundwater management, resource assessments, uncertainty risk assessment and environmental impact assessments across multiple jurisdictions and the broader resource sector (e.g., Carbone Capture and Storage and hydrogen).</div><div><br></div><div><strong>Citation: </strong>Rollet, N., Vizy, J., Norton, C.J., Hannaford, C., McPherson, A., Symington, N., Evans, T., Bradshaw, B., Szczepaniak, M., Bui Xuan Hy, A., Schoning, G. &amp; Keppel, M., 2024. Great Artesian Basin 3D chronostratigraphic model: providing new insights into hydrogeological variability and connectivity. In: Czarnota, K. (ed.) Exploring for the Future: Extended Abstracts. Geoscience Australia, Canberra, https://doi.org/10.26186/149235</div>