This service provides access to airborne electromagnetics (AEM) derived conductivity grids in the Upper Darling Floodplain region. The grids represent 30 depth intervals from modelling of AEM data acquired in the Upper Darling Floodplain, New South Wales, Airborne Electromagnetic Survey (https://dx.doi.org/10.26186/147267), an Exploring for the Future (EFTF) project jointly funded by Geoscience Australia and New South Wales Department of Planning and Environment (NSW DPE). The AEM conductivity model delineates important subsurface features for assessing the groundwater system including lithological boundaries, palaeovalleys and hydrostatigraphy.

<div>This report provides an assessment of the viability of Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) as a potential supplementary water supply for the township of Wilcannia in the Upper Darling River Floodplain (UDRF) region of northwest New South Wales, Australia, in addition to existing emergency water supply bores and a proposed replacement weir across the Darling River. The Baaka is the traditional name for the Darling River by the Barkindji people. </div><div>This study was completed during the UDRF Project, as part of the Exploring for the Future (EFTF) program—an eight-year, $225 million Australian Government funded geoscience data and information acquisition program focused on better understanding the potential of mineral, energy and groundwater resources across Australia. </div><div>The UDRF region's heavy reliance on surface water results in inadequate water security during drought, affecting economic prospects, community welfare, and the environment. Geoscience Australia, in partnership with the New South Wales Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water (DCCEEW), has undertaken the UDRF Project with the aim of improving groundwater system understanding, assessing groundwater-surface water connectivity, and investigating potential MAR options to enhance drought resilience. </div><div>A MAR scheme is a sustainable proposition in the area compared to groundwater extraction without replenishment, as the semi-confined aquifer doesn’t necessarily represent a viable water resource due to natural recharge of this aquifer taking hundreds of years. As part of the UDRF project, analyses of the hydrodynamic data show that the Darling River is strongly connected to the groundwater systems in the study area, specifically the shallow unconfined aquifers of the Menindee/Coonambidgal Formations and the semi-confined Calivil Formation. The permeable sand-rich unconfined aquifers facilitated groundwater recharge during high river flow periods. Groundwater quality assessments indicate fresh to moderately saline water in the shallower formations, with significantly higher salinity observed in the deeper Renmark Group.</div><div>Four areas potentially suitable for a MAR scheme were identified within the Darling River valley from 2 km to 30 km upstream of Wilcannia, and were delineated through the integrated interpretation of datasets including regional airborne electromagnetics (AEM), ground-based and borehole geophysics, hydrodynamics and hydrochemistry. The four MAR targets were identified based on AEM conductivity threshold of 0.06 S/m, and the borehole water chemistry supports a water quality of &lt;1,200 mg/L TDS (i.e. good to acceptable quality). For a MAR scheme, selecting an area with acceptable quality groundwater is important as the quality of the injected water can remain as acceptable following mixing with the in-situ groundwater. </div><div>Geophysical surveys, including surface magnetic resonance and downhole natural gamma and nuclear magnetic resonance logs, highlight the potential suitability of sand facies within the Calivil Formation as storage aquifer for MAR.&nbsp;Interpretation of AEM models across the four MAR targets suggests that the Calivil Formation aquifer extends beyond the target boundaries and could provide the storage capacity to hold injected water. Additional storage capacity from operating a MAR scheme can only be assessed by a local injection and extraction pilot study.</div><div>In a semi-confined aquifer such as the Calivil Formation, injection of water increases the hydraulic pressure and pushes the acceptable quality in-situ groundwater outwards from the injection sites, displacing the surrounding saline groundwater. The in-situ groundwater of acceptable quality then forms a buffer zone around the injected water, and this improves the recovery efficiency by minimising the flow of saline groundwater towards the extraction well. </div><div>MAR Target 1 is recommended as a potential pilot study area owing to its proximity to Wilcannia and the availability of existing utility infrastructure, such as electricity. Potential sites within the target area were identified for riverbank filtration and Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) wells, considering proximity to the river, groundwater quality, and infrastructure requirements. Proposed ASR sites target the Calivil Formation aquifer, and two of these sites have Paleozoic bedrock directly underlying this storage aquifer. The bedrock acts as an aquitard and minimises the risk of saline groundwater ingress from the Renmark Group, which is present in a palaeovalley adjacent to the two proposed sites.&nbsp;</div><div>If MAR is to be further considered in the region the report offers recommendations for future studies, including the development of pilot ASR sites with drilling to more accurately characterise the sedimentary sequence and the aquifer lithology, and assess the viability of any proposed system.&nbsp;</div>

This data package, completed as part of Geoscience Australia’s National Groundwater Systems (NGS) Project, presents results of the second iteration of the 3D Great Artesian Basin (GAB) and Lake Eyre Basin (LEB) (Figure 1) geological and hydrogeological models (Vizy & Rollet, 2023) populated with volume of shale (Vshale) values calculated on 2,310 wells in the Surat, Eromanga, Carpentaria and Lake Eyre basins (Norton & Rollet, 2023). This provides a refined architecture of aquifer and aquitard geometry that can be used as a proxy for internal, lateral, and vertical, variability of rock properties within each of the 18 GAB-LEB hydrogeological units (Figure 2). These data compilations and information are brought to a common national standard to help improve hydrogeological conceptualisation of groundwater systems across multiple jurisdictions. This information will assist water managers to support responsible groundwater management and secure groundwater into the future. This 3D Vshale model of the GAB provides a common framework for further data integration with other disciplines, industry, academics and the public and helps assess the impact of water use and climate change. It aids in mapping current groundwater knowledge at a GAB-wide scale and identifying critical groundwater areas for long-term monitoring. The NGS project is part of the Exploring for the Future (EFTF) program—an eight-year, $225 million Australian Government funded geoscience data and precompetitive information acquisition program. The program seeks to inform decision-making by government, community, and industry on the sustainable development of Australia's mineral, energy, and groundwater resources, including those to support the effective long-term management of GAB water resources. This work builds on the first iteration completed as part of the Great Artesian Basin Groundwater project (Vizy & Rollet, 2022; Rollet et al., 2022), and infills previous data and knowledge gaps in the GAB and LEB with additional borehole, airborne electromagnetic and seismic interpretation. The Vshale values calculated on additional wells in the southern Surat and southern Eromanga basins and in the whole of Carpentaria and Lake Eyre basins provide higher resolution facies variability estimates from the distribution of generalised sand-shale ratio across the 18 GAB-LEB hydrogeological units. The data reveals a complex mixture of sedimentary environments in the GAB, and highlights sand body development and hydraulic characteristics within aquifers and aquitards. Understanding the regional extents of these sand-rich areas provides insights into potential preferential flow paths, within and between the GAB and LEB, and aquifer compartmentalisation. However, there are limitations that require further study, including data gaps and the need to integrate petrophysics and hydrogeological data. Incorporating major faults and other structures would also enhance our understanding of fluid flow pathways. The revised Vshale model, incorporating additional boreholes to a total of 2,310 boreholes, contributes to our understanding of groundwater flow and connectivity in the region, from the recharge beds to discharge at springs, and Groundwater Dependant Ecosystems (GDEs). It also facilitates interbasinal connectivity analysis. This 3D Vshale model offers a consistent framework for integrating data from various sources, allowing for the assessment of water use impacts and climate change at different scales. It can be used to map groundwater knowledge across the GAB and identify areas that require long-term monitoring. Additionally, the distribution of boreholes with gamma ray logs used for the Vshale work in each GAB and LEB units (Norton & Rollet, 2022; 2023) is used to highlight areas where additional data acquisition or interpretation is needed in data-poor areas within the GAB and LEB units. The second iteration of surfaces with additional Vshale calculation data points provides more confidence in the distribution of sand bodies at the whole GAB scale. The current model highlights that the main Precipice, Hutton, Adori-Springbok and Cadna-owie‒Hooray aquifers are relatively well connected within their respective extents, particularly the Precipice and Hutton Sandstone aquifers and equivalents. The Bungil Formation, the Mooga Sandstone and the Gubberamunda Sandstone are partial and regional aquifers, which are restricted to the Surat Basin. These are time equivalents to the Cadna-owie–Hooray major aquifer system that extends across the Eromanga Basin, as well as the Gilbert River Formation and Eulo Queen Group which are important aquifers onshore in the Carpentaria Basin. The current iteration of the Vshale model confirms that the Cadna-owie–Hooray and time equivalent units form a major aquifer system that spreads across the whole GAB. It consists of sand bodies within multiple channel belts that have varying degrees of connectivity' i.e. being a channelised system some of the sands will be encased within overbank deposits and isolated, while others will be stacked, cross-cutting systems that provide vertical connectivity. The channelised systemtransitions vertically and laterally into a shallow marine environment (Rollet et al., 2022). Sand-rich areas are also mapped within the main Poolowanna, Brikhead-Walloon and Westbourne interbasinal aquitards, as well as the regional Rolling Downs aquitard that may provide some potential pathways for upward leakage of groundwater to the shallow Winton-Mackunda aquifer and overlying Lake Eyre Basin. Further integration with hydrochemical data may help groundtruth some of these observations. This metadata document is associated with a data package including: • Seventeen surfaces with Vshale property (Table 1), • Seventeen surfaces with less than 40% Vshale property (Table 2), • Twenty isochore with average Vshale property (Table 3), • Twenty isochore with less than 40% Vshale property (Table 4), • Sixteen Average Vshale intersections of less than 40% Vshale property delineating potential connectivity between isochore (Table 5), • Sixteen Average Vshale intersections of less than 40% Vshale property delineating potential connectivity with isochore above and below (Table 6), • Seventeen upscaled Vshale log intersection locations (Table 7), • Six regional sections showing geology and Vshale property (Table 8), • Three datasets with location of boreholes, sections, and area of interest (Table 9).

<div>This dataset comprises hydrochemistry results for groundwater, surface water, and rainwater samples collected as part of the Upper Darling Floodplain groundwater study. Associated methods, interpretation, and integration with other datasets are found in the Upper Darling Floodplain geological and hydrogeological assessment (Geoscience Australia Ecat ID:149689). This project is part of the Exploring for the Future (EFTF) program, an eight-year, $225 million Australian Government funded geoscience data and precompetitive information acquisition program. The dataset contains 68 groundwater samples, 17 surface water samples, and four rainwater samples. Groundwater samples are from the Cenozoic formations within the alluvium of the Darling River, the Great Artesian Basin, and the Murray geological basin. Surface water samples are from the Darling River, and rainwater samples were taken within the study area. Subsets of the samples were analysed for major ions and trace metals, stable isotopes of water (δ2H and δ18O), radiocarbon (14C), stable carbon isotopes (δ13C), strontium isotopes (87Sr/86Sr), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) isotopes, chlorine-36 (36Cl), noble gases, and Radon-222. The results were used to inform a range of hydrogeological questions including aquifer distribution and quality, inter-aquifer connectivity, and groundwater-surface water connectivity.&nbsp;</div><div><br></div>

<div>This dataset comprises borehole induction conductivity, natural gamma, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) datasets, and surface magnetic resonance (SMR) data collected as part of the Upper Darling Floodplain groundwater study. Associated methods, interpretation, and integration with other datasets are found in the Upper Darling Floodplain geological and hydrogeological assessment (Geoscience Australia Ecat ID:149689). This project is part of the Exploring for the Future (EFTF) program, an eight-year, $225 million Australian Government funded geoscience data and precompetitive information acquisition program. The dataset contains induction conductivity logs and natural gamma logs for 23 bores, NMR logs for 22 bores, and SMR data for 47 sites. The properties inferred from these datasets for hydrogeological characterisation include water content and porosity (borehole NMR and SMR), lithology (natural gamma), and bulk electrical conductivity (induction conductivity).&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><div><br></div>

This report, completed as part of Geoscience Australia’s Exploring for the Future Program National Groundwater Systems (NGS) Project, presents results of the second iteration of 3D geological and hydrogeological surfaces across eastern Australian basins. The NGS project is part of the Exploring for the Future (EFTF) program—an eight-year, $225 million Australian Government funded geoscience data and precompetitive information acquisition program. The program seeks to inform decision-making by government, community, and industry on the sustainable development of Australia's mineral, energy, and groundwater resources, including those to support the effective long-term management of GAB water resources. This work builds on the first iteration completed as part of the Great Artesian Basin Groundwater project. The datasets incorporate infills of data and knowledge gaps in the Great Artesian Basin (GAB), Lake Eyre Basin (LEB), Upper Darling Floodplain (UDF) and existing data in additional basins in eastern Australia. The study area extends from the offshore Gulf of Carpentaria in the north to the offshore Bight, Otway, and Gippsland basins in the South and from the western edge of the GAB in the west to the eastern Australian coastline to the east. The revisions are an update to the surface extents and thicknesses for 18 region-wide hydrogeological units produced by Vizy & Rollet, 2022. The second iteration of the 3D model surfaces further unifies geology across borders and provides the basis for a consistent hydrogeological framework at a basin-wide, and towards a national-wide, scale. The stratigraphic nomenclature used follows geological unit subdivisions applied: (1) in the Surat Cumulative Management Area (OGIA - Office of Groundwater Impact Assessment, 2019) to correlate time equivalent regional hydrogeological units in the GAB and other Jurassic and Cretaceous time equivalent basins in the study area and (2) in the LEB to correlate Cenozoic time equivalents in the study area. Triassic to Permian and older basins distribution and thicknesses are provided without any geological and hydrogeological unit sub-division. Such work helps to (1) reconcile legacy and contemporary regional studies under a common stratigraphic framework, (2) support the effective management of groundwater resources, and (3) provide a regional geological context for integrated resource assessments. The 18 hydrogeological units were constructed using legacy borehole data, 2D seismic and airborne electromagnetic (AEM) data that were compiled for the first iteration of the geological and hydrogeological surfaces under the GAB groundwater project (Vizy & Rollet, 2022a) with the addition of: • New data collected and QC’d from boreholes (including petroleum, CSG [Coal Seam Gas], stratigraphic, mineral and water boreholes) across Australia (Vizy & Rollet, 2023a) since the first iteration, including revised stratigraphic correlations filling data and knowledge gaps in the GAB, LEB, UDF region (Norton & Rollet, 2023) with revised palynological constraints (Hannaford & Rollet 2023), • Additional AEM interpretation since the first iteration in the GAB, particularly in the northern Surat (McPherson et al., 2022b), as well as in the LEB (Evans et al., in prep), in the southern Eromanga Basin (Wong et al., 2023) and in the UDF region (McPherson et al., 2022c), and • Additional 2D seismic interpretation in the Gulf of Carpentaria (Vizy & Rollet, 2023b) and in the western and central Eromanga Basin (Szczepaniak et al., 2023). These datasets were then analysed and interpreted in a common 3D domain using a consistent chronostratigraphic framework tied to the geological timescale of 2020, as defined by Hannaford et al. (2022). Confidence maps were also produced to highlight areas that need further investigation due to data gaps, in areas where better seismic depth conversion or improved well formation picks are required. New interpretations from the second iteration of the 18 surfaces include (1) new consistent and regionally continuous surfaces of Cenozoic down to Permian and older sediments beyond the extent of the GAB across eastern Australia, (2) revised extents and thicknesses of Jurassic and Cretaceous units in the GAB, including those based on distributed thickness, (3) revised extents and thicknesses of Cenozoic LEB units constrained by the underlying GAB 3D model surfaces geometry. These data constraints were not used in the model surfaces generated for the LEB detailed inventory (Evans et al., 2023), and (4) refinements of surfaces due to additional seismic and AEM interpretation used to infill data and knowledge gaps. Significant revisions include: • The use of additional seismic data to better constrain the base of the Poolowanna-Evergreen formations and equivalents and the top of Cadna-owie Formation and equivalents in the western and central Eromanga Basin, and the extent and thicknesses of the GAB units and Cenozoic Karumba Basin in the Gulf of Carpentaria, • The use of AEM interpretations to refine the geometry of outcropping units in the northern Surat Basin and the basement surface underneath the UDF region, and • A continuous 3D geological surface of base Cenozoic sediments across eastern Australia including additional constraints for the Lake Eyre Basin (borehole stratigraphy review), Murray Basin (AEM interpretation) and Karumba Basin (seismic interpretation). These revisions to the 18 geological and hydrogeological surfaces will help improve our understanding on the 3D spatial distribution of aquifers and aquitards across eastern Australia, from the groundwater recharge areas to the deep confined aquifers. These data compilations and information brought to a common national standard help improve hydrogeological conceptualisation of groundwater systems across multiple jurisdictions to assist water managers to support responsible groundwater management and secure groundwater into the future. These 3D geological and hydrogeological modelled surfaces also provide a tool for consistent data integration from multiple datasets. These modelled surfaces bring together variable data quality and coverage from different databases across state and territory jurisdictions. Data integration at various scale is important to assess potential impact of different water users and climate change. The 3D modelled surfaces can be used as a consistent framework to map current groundwater knowledge at a national scale and help highlight critical groundwater areas for long-term monitoring of potential impacts on local communities and Groundwater Dependant Ecosystems. The distribution and confidence on data points used in the current iteration of the modelled surfaces highlight where data poor areas may need further data acquisition or additional interpretation to increase confidence in the aquifers and aquitards geometry. The second iteration of surfaces highlights where further improvements can be made, notably for areas in the offshore Gulf of Carpentaria with further seismic interpretation to better constrain the base of the Aptian marine incursion (to better constrain the shape and offshore extent of the main aquifers). Inclusion of more recent studies in the offshore southern and eastern margins of Australia will improve the resolution and confidence of the surfaces, up to the edge of the Australian continental shelf. Revision of the borehole stratigraphy will need to continue where more recent data and understanding exist to improve confidence in the aquifer and aquitard geometry and provide better constraints for AEM and seismic interpretation, such as in the onshore Carpentaria, Clarence-Moreton, Sydney, Murray-Darling basins. Similarly adding new seismic and AEM interpretation recently acquired and reprocessed, such as in the eastern Eromanga Basin over the Galilee Basin, would improve confidence in the surfaces in this area. Also, additional age constraints in formations that span large periods of time would help provide greater confidence to formation sub-divisions that are time equivalent to known geological units that correlate to major aquifers and aquitards in adjacent basins, such as within the Late Jurassic‒Early Cretaceous in the Eromanga and Carpentaria basins. Finally, incorporating major faults and structures would provide greater definition of the geological and hydrogeological surfaces to inform with greater confidence fluid flow pathways in the study area. This report is associated with a data package including (Appendix A – Supplementary material): • Nineteen geological and hydrogeological surfaces from the Base Permo-Carboniferous, Top Permian, Base Jurassic, Base Cenozoic to the surface (Table 1.1), • Twenty-one geological and hydrogeological unit thickness maps from the top crystalline basement to the surface (Figure 3.1 to Figure 3.21), • The formation picks and constraining data points (i.e., from boreholes, seismic, AEM and outcrops) compiled and used for gridding each surface (Table 2.7). Detailed explanation of methodology and processing is described in the associated report (Vizy & Rollet, 2023).

<div>Groundwater dependent ecosystems (GDEs) rely on access to groundwater on a permanent or intermittent basis to meet some or all of their water requirements (Richardson et al., 2011). The <a href="https://explorer-aws.dea.ga.gov.au/products/ga_ls_tc_pc_cyear_3">Tasselled Cap percentile products</a> created by Digital Earth Australia (2023) were used to identify potential GDEs for the upper Darling River floodplain study area. These percentile products provide statistical summaries (10th, 50th, 90th percentiles) of landscape brightness, greenness and wetness in imagery acquired between 1987 and present day. The 10th percentile greenness and wetness represent the lowest 10% of values for the time period evaluated, e.g. 10th greenness represents the least green period. In arid regions, areas that are depicted as persistently green and/or wet at the 10th percentile have the greatest potential to be GDEs. For this reason, and due to accessibility of the data, the 10th percentile Tasselled Cap greenness (TCG) and Tasselled Cap wetness (TCW) products were used as the basis for the assessment of GDEs for the upper Darling River floodplain study area. </div><div><br></div><div>This data release is an ESRI geodatabase, with layer files, including:</div><div><br></div><div>-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;original greenness and wetness datasets extracted; </div><div><br></div><div>-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;classified 10th percentile greenness and wetness datasets (used as input for the combined dataset); </div><div><br></div><div>-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;combined scaled 10th percentile greenness and wetness dataset (useful for a quick glance to identify potential groundwater dependent vegetation (GDV) that have high greenness and wetness e.g. river red gums)</div><div><br></div><div>-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;combined classified 10th percentile greenness and wetness dataset (useful to identify potential GDV/GDE and differentiate between vegetation types)</div><div><br></div><div>-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;coefficient of variation of 50th percentile greenness dataset (useful when used in conjunction with the scaled/combined products to help identify GDEs)</div><div><br></div><div>For more information and detail on these products, refer to <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.26186/148545">https://dx.doi.org/10.26186/148545</a>.</div><div><br></div><div><strong>References</strong></div><div>Digital Earth Australia (2023). <em><a href="https://docs.dea.ga.gov.au">Digital Earth Australia User Guide</a></em>. </div><div>Richardson, S., E. Irvine, R. Froend, P. Boon, S. Barber, and B. Bonneville. 2011a. <em>Australian groundwater-dependent ecosystem toolbox part 1: Assessment framework.</em> Waterlines Report 69. Canberra, Australia: Waterlines.</div>

Presentation to Australian Research Council (ARC) Training Centre for Data Analytics in Resources and Environment (DARE) Symposium (17 February 2023, University of Sydney) demonstrating use of uncertainty in hydrogeophysical applications as part of the Upper Darling River Floodplain EFTF project.

<div>This package contains Airborne Electromagnetic (AEM) data from the regional survey flown over the Upper Darling Floodplain in New South Wales (NSW), Australia between March-July 2022. Approximately 25,000 line km of transient EM and magnetic data were acquired. Geoscience Australia (GA) commissioned the survey in collaboration with the New South Wales Department of Planning and Environment (NSW DPE) as part of the Australian Government’s Exploring for the Future (EFTF) program (https://www.ga.gov.au/eftf). The NSW DPE were funding contributors to the AEM data collection. GA managed all aspects of the acquisition, quality control and processing of the AEM data.</div>

As part of the program, the Darling-Curnamona-Delamerian project is investigating the groundwater potential of the upper Darling River floodplain, as well as the mineral and groundwater potential of parts of eastern South Australia, western New South Wales, western Victoria and western Tasmania. Communities, industries and the environment in the upper Darling River region have been impacted by recent droughts. During periods of low flow in the Darling River, groundwater has the potential to be an alternative water source for towns, agriculture and mining. The aim of the Upper Darling River Floodplain Groundwater study is to identify and better understand groundwater supplies beneath the floodplain and its surrounds. When combined with innovative water storage options, these groundwater resources could provide enhanced drought security and promote regional development. The study area covers ~31,000 km2 and includes a 450 km stretch of the Darling River floodplain from Wilcannia upstream to Bourke and Brewarrina.