<div>The A1 poster incorporates 4 images of Australia taken from space by Earth observing satellites. The accompanying text briefly introduces sensors and the bands within the electromagnetic spectrum. The images include examples of both true and false colour and the diverse range of applications of satellite images such as tracking visible changes to the Earth’s surface like crop growth, bushfires, coastal changes and floods. Scientists, land and emergency managers use satellite images to analyse vegetation, surface water or human activities as well as evaluate natural&nbsp;hazards.</div>

Background This is a sub-product of Geoscience Australia Sentinel-2A MSI Analysis Ready Data Collection 3 - DEA Surface Reflectance 3 (Sentinel-2A). See the parent product for more information. The contextual information related to a dataset is just as valuable as the data itself. This information, also known as data provenance or data lineage, includes details such as the data’s origins, derivations, methodology and processes. It allows the data to be replicated and increases the reliability of derivative applications. Data that is well-labelled and rich in spectral, spatial and temporal attribution can allow users to investigate patterns through space and time. Users are able to gain a deeper understanding of the data environment, which could potentially pave the way for future forecasting and early warning systems. The surface reflectance data produced by NBART requires accurate and reliable data provenance. Attribution labels, such as the location of cloud and cloud shadow pixels, can be used to mask out these particular features from the surface reflectance analysis, or used as training data for machine learning algorithms. Additionally, the capacity to automatically exclude or include pre-identified pixels could assist with emerging multi-temporal and machine learning analysis techniques. What this product offers This product contains a range of pixel-level observation attributes (OA) derived from satellite observation, providing rich data provenance: - null pixels - clear pixels - cloud pixels - cloud shadow pixels - snow pixels - water pixels - spectrally contiguous pixels - terrain shaded pixels It also features the following pixel-level information pertaining to satellite, solar and sensing geometries: - solar zenith - solar azimuth - satellite view - incident angle - exiting angle - azimuthal incident - azimuthal exiting - relative azimuth - timedelta

Background When deriving information from satellite images it may be beneficial to see how an area usually looks over a given year rather than how it was viewed at a single point in time. Other useful interpretations include how dynamic or variable the Australian landscape is over any given year, especially to help with understanding how the landscape changes, or to discriminateparts of the landscape that stay the same throughout the year (like bare rock), from those areas that go through big changes in cover (such as cropping areas). By understanding general conditions (which can be thought of as "average" for the year) and the different patterns of variation, we can characterise various types of land cover and land use, and detect changes of significance in the landscape. The Geometric Median provides information on the general conditions of the landscape for a given year. The Median Absolute Deviation provides information on how the landscape is changing in the same year. The DEA GeoMAD product combines the Geometric Median and the Median Absolute Deviation in a single, annually produced package. What this product offers This product provides statistical tools to exploit the time series of Earth observation data available in Digital Earth Australia, providing annual images of general conditions and how much an area changes for a given year. Thegeomedian part of the product provides an "average" cloud-free image over the given year. The geomedian image is calculated with a multi-dimensional median, using all the spectral measurements from the satellite imagery at the same time in order to maintain the relationships among the measurements. The median absolute deviation part of the product uses three measures of variance, each of whichprovides a "second order" high dimensional statistical compositefor the given year. The three variance measures show how much an area varies from the "average" in terms of "distance" based on factors such as brightness and spectra: Euclidean distance (EMAD) Cosine (spectral) distance (SMAD) Bray Curtis dissimilarity (BCMAD) Together, they provide information on variance in the landscape over the given year and are useful for change detection applications.

DEA Surface Reflectance OA (Sentinel-2B MSI) is part of a suite of Digital Earth Australia's (DEA) Surface Reflectance datasets that represent the vast archive of images captured by the US Geological Survey (USGS) Landsat and European Space Agency (ESA) Sentinel-2 satellite programs, which have been validated, calibrated, and adjusted for Australian conditions — ready for easy analysis. <b>Background:</b> This is a sub-product of Geoscience Australia Sentinel-2B MSI Analysis Ready Data Collection 3 - DEA Surface Reflectance (Sentinel-2B MSI). See the parent product for more information. The contextual information related to a dataset is just as valuable as the data itself. This information, also known as data provenance or data lineage, includes details such as the data’s origins, derivations, methodology and processes. It allows the data to be replicated and increases the reliability of derivative applications. Data that is well-labelled and rich in spectral, spatial and temporal attribution can allow users to investigate patterns through space and time. Users are able to gain a deeper understanding of the data environment, which could potentially pave the way for future forecasting and early warning systems. The surface reflectance data produced by NBART requires accurate and reliable data provenance. Attribution labels, such as the location of cloud and cloud shadow pixels, can be used to mask out these particular features from the surface reflectance analysis, or used as training data for machine learning algorithms. Additionally, the capacity to automatically exclude or include pre-identified pixels could assist with emerging multi-temporal and machine learning analysis techniques. <b>What this product offers:</b> This product contains a range of pixel-level observation attributes (OA) derived from satellite observation, providing rich data provenance: - null pixels - clear pixels - cloud pixels - cloud shadow pixels - snow pixels - water pixels - spectrally contiguous pixels - terrain shaded pixels It also features the following pixel-level information pertaining to satellite, solar and sensing geometries: - solar zenith - solar azimuth - satellite view - incident angle - exiting angle - azimuthal incident - azimuthal exiting - relative azimuth - timedelta

Background: The European Space Agency (ESA) has operated medium resolution satellites - Sentinel-2 series (Sentinel-2A and Sentinel-2B) since 2015. The spectral bands and spatial resolution of Sentinel-2 are similar to those of the Landsat series, but Sentinel-2 has a higher revisit frequency and spatial coverage. A combination of Sentinel-2 and Landsat data can provide good spatial and temporal coverage of the Earth's surface and provide useful information to monitor environmental resources over time, such as agricultural production and mining activities. However, the raw remotely sensed data received by these satellites in the solar spectral range do not directly characterise the underlying reflectance of surface objects. The data are modified by the atmosphere, variation of solar and sensor positions as well as surface anisotropic conditions. To make accurate comparisons of imagery acquired at different times, seasons and geographic locations, and detect the change of surface, it is necessary to remove/reduce these effects to ensure the data are consistent and can be compared over time. What this product offers: This product takes Sentinel-2A imagery captured over the Australian continent and corrects for inconsistencies across land and coastal fringes. The result is accurate and standardised surface reflectance data, which is instrumental in identifying and quantifying environmental change. The imagery is captured using the Multispectral Instrument (MSI) sensor aboard Sentinel-2A. This product is a single, cohesive Analysis Ready Data (ARD) package, which allows the analysis of surface reflectance data as is, without the need to apply additional corrections. It contains two sub-products that provide corrections or attribution information: - Geoscience Australia Sentinel-2A MSI NBART Collection 3 - Geoscience Australia Sentinel-2A Observation Attributes Collection 3 The resolution is a 10/20/60 m grid based on the ESA Level 1C archive. Applications: - The development of derivative products to monitor land, inland waterways and coastal features, such as: - urban growth - coastal habitats - mining activities - agricultural activity (e.g. pastoral, irrigated cropping, rain-fed cropping) - water extent - The development of refined information products, such as: - areal units of detected surface water - areal units of deforestation - yield predictions of agricultural parcels - Compliance surveys - Emergency management

DEA Surface Reflectance Nadir corrected Bidirectional reflectance distribution function Adjusted Reflectance Terrain corrected (NBART) Sentinel-2B Multispectral Instrument (MSI) is part of a suite of Digital Earth Australia's (DEA) Surface Reflectance datasets that represent the vast archive of images captured by the US Geological Survey (USGS) Landsat and European Space Agency (ESA) Sentinel-2 satellite programs, which have been validated, calibrated, and adjusted for Australian conditions — ready for easy analysis. <b>Background:</b> This is a sub-product of DEA Surface Reflectance (Sentinel-2B MSI). See the parent product for more information. Reflectance data at top of atmosphere (TOA) collected by Sentinel-2B MSI sensors can be affected by atmospheric conditions, sun position, sensor view angle, surface slope and surface aspect. Surfaces with varying terrain can introduce inconsistencies to optical satellite images through irradiance and bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) effects. For example, slopes facing the sun appear brighter compared with those facing away from the sun. Likewise, many surfaces on Earth are anisotropic in nature, so the signal picked up by a satellite sensor may differ depending on the sensor’s position. These need to be reduced or removed to ensure the data is consistent and can be compared over time. <b>What this product offers:</b> This product takes Sentinel-2B MSI imagery captured over the Australian continent and corrects the inconsistencies across the land and coastal fringe. It achieves this using Nadir corrected Bi-directional reflectance distribution function Adjusted Reflectance (NBAR). In addition, this product has a terrain illumination correction applied to correct for varying terrain. The resolution is a 10/20/60 m grid based on the ESA level 1C archive. <b>Applications:</b> - The development of derivative products to monitor land, inland waterways and coastal features, such as: - urban growth - coastal habitats - mining activities - agricultural activity (e.g. pastoral, irrigated cropping, rain-fed cropping) - water extent - The development of refined information products, such as: - areal units of detected surface water - areal units of deforestation - yield predictions of agricultural parcels - Compliance surveys - Emergency management

<b>Background:</b> The European Space Agency (ESA) has operated the medium resolution satellites - Sentinel-2 series (Sentinel-2A and Sentinel-2B) since 2015. The spectral bands and spatial resolution of Sentinel-2 are similar to those of Landsat series, but Sentinel-2 has a higher revisit frequency and spatial coverage. A combination of Sentinel-2 and Landsat data can provide good spatial and temporal coverage of the Earth's surface and provide useful information to monitor environmental resources, such as agricultural production and mining activities, over time. However, the raw remotely sensed data received by these satellites in the solar spectral range do not directly characterise the underlying reflectance of surface objects. The data are modified by the atmosphere and variation of solar and sensor positions as well as surface anisotropic conditions. To make accurate comparisons of imagery acquired at different times, seasons and geographic locations and detect the change of surface, it is necessary to remove/reduce these effects to ensure the data are consistent and can be compared over time. <b>What this product offers:</b> This product takes Sentinel-2B imagery captured over the Australian continent and corrects for inconsistencies across land and coastal fringes. The result is accurate and standardised surface reflectance data, which is instrumental in identifying and quantifying environmental change. The imagery is captured using the Multispectral Instrument (MSI) sensor aboard Sentinel-2B. This product is a single, cohesive Analysis Ready Data (ARD) package, which allows the analysis of surface reflectance data as is, without the need to apply additional corrections. It contains two sub-products that provide corrections or attribution information: - DEA Surface Reflectance NBART(Sentinel-2B MSI) - Geoscience Australia Sentinel-2B MSI NBART Collection 3 - DEA Surface Reflectance OA(Sentinel-2B MSI) - Geoscience Australia Sentinel-2B Observation Attributes Collection 3 The resolution is a 10/20/60 m grid based on the ESA Level 1C archive. <b>Applications:,</b> - The development of derivative products to monitor land, inland waterways and coastal features, such as: - urban growth - coastal habitats - mining activities - agricultural activity (e.g. pastoral, irrigated cropping, rain-fed cropping) - water extent - The development of refined information products, such as: - areal units of detected surface water - areal units of deforestation - yield predictions of agricultural parcels - Compliance surveys - Emergency management This Collection 3 (C3) product and has been created by reprocessing Collection 1 (C1) and making improvements to the processing pipeline and packaging. <b>Packaging updates include: </b> - Open Data Cube (ODC) eo3 metadata - metadata includes STAC fields to enable users to filter by fields such as tile ID or cloud cover percentage in applications such as ODC - additional STAC metadata file in JSON format - directory structure and file names that are consistent with Geoscience Australia’s Landsat C3 products. <b>Additional updates include:</b> - upgrading the spectral response function to result in a more accurate product. These new versions include minor updates, slight changes of the central wavelengths for band B02 of S2A and S2B, and band B01 of S2B, along with slight changes of the Full Width Half Maximum (FMWH) for most of the bands - correction of solar constant errors in the conversion between reflectance and radiance as well as in the atmospheric correction - an additional cloud mask layer (s2cloudless) - removal of NBAR layers - reduced spatial resolution of observation attribute layers to 20m resolution, with the contiguity layer being maintained at 10m - additional of GQA information to dataset metadata - removal of buffering from fmask layer - BRDF ancillary upgraded from MODIS BRDF C5 to MODIS BRDF C6 - Upgrading from MODTRAN 5.2 to MODTRAN 6. <b>The introduction of a maturity concept.</b> The Collection 3 product is comprised of data produced to varying degrees of maturity. The maturity of a dataset is dictated by the quality of the ancillary information, such as BRDF and atmospheric data, used to generate the product. The maturity levels are Near Real Time (NRT), Interim and Final. The maturity level is designated in the filename and in the metadata. - Near Real Time (NRT) is a rapid ARD product produced < 48 hours after image capture. - Interim ARD – If there are extended delays (>18 days) in delivery of inputs to the ARD model, interim production is utilised until the issue is resolved. - Final ARD - As the higher quality ancillary datasets become available, a “Final” version of the Sentinel 2 ARD data is produced, which replaces the NRT or interim product.

Background: This is a sub-product of DEA Surface Reflectance (Sentinel-2A MSI) - Geoscience Australia Sentinel-2A MSI Analysis Ready Data Collection 3. See the parent product for more information. Reflectance data at top of atmosphere (TOA) collected by Sentinel-2A MSI sensors can be affected by atmospheric conditions, sun position, sensor view angle, surface slope and surface aspect. Surfaces with varying terrain can introduce inconsistencies to optical satellite images through irradiance and bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) effects. For example, slopes facing the sun appear brighter compared with those facing away from the sun. Likewise, many surfaces on Earth are anisotropic in nature, so the signal picked up by a satellite sensor may differ depending on the sensor’s position. These need to be reduced or removed to ensure the data is consistent and can be compared over time. What this product offers: This product takes Sentinel-2A MSI imagery captured over the Australian continent and corrects the inconsistencies across the land and coastal fringe. It achieves this using Nadir corrected Bi-directional reflectance distribution function Adjusted Reflectance (NBAR). In addition, this product applies terrain illumination correction to correct for varying terrain. The resolution is a 10/20/60 m grid based on the the ESA level 1C archive. Applications: - The development of derivative products to monitor land, inland waterways and coastal features, such as: - urban growth - coastal habitats - mining activities - agricultural activity (e.g. pastoral, irrigated cropping, rain-fed cropping) - water extent - The development of refined information products, such as: - areal units of detected surface water - areal units of deforestation - yield predictions of agricultural parcels - Compliance surveys - Emergency management