crust
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Processed Stacked and Migrated SEG-Y seismic data and uninterpreted and interpreted section images for the Capricorn Deep Crustal Seismic Survey. This survey was a collaborative ANSIR project between AuScope, the Geological Survey of Western Australia and Geoscience Australia. Funding was through AuScope and the Western Australian Government royalites for Regions Exploration Incentive Scheme. The objectives of the survey were use deep seismic profiling to improve the understanding of the Western Australian continent by imaging the subsurface extent of Archean crust beneath the Capricorn Orogen and determining whether the Pilbara and Yilgarn Cratons are in direct contact or separated by one of more elements of Proterozoic crust. Raw data for this survey are available on request from clientservices@ga.gov.au
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Continental rifting and the separation of Australia from Antarctica commenced in the Middle-Late Jurassic and progressed from west to east through successive stages of crustal extension, basement-involved syn-rift faulting and thermal subsidence until the Cenozoic. Early syn-rift faults in the Bight Basin developed during NW-SE directed extension and strike mainly NE and E-W, parallel to reactivated basement structures of Paleoproterozoic or younger age in the adjacent Gawler craton. This extension was linked to reactivation of NW-striking basement faults that predetermined not only the point of breakup along the cratonic margin but the position and trend of a major intracontinental strike-slip shear zone along which much of the early displacement between Australia and Antarctica was accommodated. Following a switch to NNE-SSW extension in the Early Cretaceous, the locus of rifting shifted eastwards into the Otway Basin where basin evolution was increasingly influenced by transtensional displacements across reactivated north-south-striking terrane boundaries of Paleozoic age in the Delamerian-Ross and Lachlan Orogens. This transtensional regime persisted until 55 Ma when there was a change to north-south rifting with concomitant development of an ocean-continent transform boundary off western Tasmania and the South Tasman Rise. This boundary follows the trace of an older Paleozoic structure optimally oriented for reactivation as a strike-slip fault during the later stages of continental breakup and is one of two major basement structures for which Antarctic equivalents are readily identified. Some ocean floor fracture zones lie directly along strike from these reactivated basement structures, pointing to a link between basement reactivation and formation of the ocean floor fabrics. Together with the two basement structures, these fabrics serve as an important first order control on palaeogeographic reconstructions of the Australian and Antarctic conjugate margins.
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Various aspects of isostasy concept are intimately linked to estimation of the elastic thickness of lithosphere, amplitude of mantle-driven vertical surface motions, basin uplift and subsidence. Common assumptions about isostasy are not always justified by existing data. For example, refraction seismic data provide essential constraints to estimation of isostasy, but are rarely analysed in that respect. Average seismic velocity, which is an integral characteristic of the crust to any given depth, can be calculated from initial refraction velocity models of the crust. Geoscience Australia has 566 full crust models derived from the interpretation of such data in its database as of January 2012. Average velocity through velocity/density regression translates into average density of the crust, and then into crustal column weight to any given depth. If average velocity isolines become horizontal at some depth, this may be an indication of balanced mass distribution (i.e., isostasy) in the crust to that depth. For example, average velocity distribution calculated for a very deep Petrel sedimentary basin on the Australian NW Margin shows no sign of velocity isolines flattening with depth all the way down to at least 15 km below the deepest Moho. Similar estimates for the Mount Isa region lead to opposite conclusions with balancing of average seismic velocities achieved above the Moho. Here, we investigate average seismic velocity distribution for the whole Australian continent and its margins, uncertainties of its translation into estimates of isostasy, and the possible explanations for misbalances in isostatic equilibrium of the Australian crust.
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The Lu-Hf isotopic system, much like the Sm-Nd isotopic system, can be used to understand crustal evolution and growth. Crustal differentiation processes yield reservoirs with differing initial Lu/Hf values, and radioactive decay of 176Lu results in diverging 176Hf/177Hf between reservoirs over time. This chapter outlines the fundamentals of the Lu-Hf isotopic system, and provides several case studies outlining the utility of this system to mineral exploration and understanding formation processes of ore deposits. The current, rapid, evolution of this field of isotope science means that breadth of applications of the Lu-Hf system are increasing, especially in situations where high-precision, detailed analyses are required. <b>Citation:</b> Waltenberg, K. (2023). Application of the Lu–Hf Isotopic System to Ore Geology, Metallogenesis and Mineral Exploration. In: Huston, D., Gutzmer, J. (eds) <i>Isotopes in Economic Geology, Metallogenesis and Exploration</i>. Mineral Resource Reviews. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27897-6_7
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The Exploring for the Future program Showcase 2024 was held on 13-16 August 2024. Day 4 - 16th August talks included: <b>Session 1 – Deep Dives into the Delamerian</b> <a href="https://youtu.be/09knAwPnD7s?si=acdu6pQgIj7DNlnj">Scaffold to success: An overview of the Delamerian Orogen, and its crustal and lithospheric architecture</a> - Chris Lewis <a href="https://youtu.be/5GQC5f5IkWc?si=rLPqxoZFkxGAEPEf">Only time will tell: Crustal development of the Delamerian Orogen in space and time</a> - David Mole <a href="https://youtu.be/PhdIYE49eqU?si=d7acyv5rbTW_wTiO">Is it a big deal? New mineral potential insights of the Delamerian Orogen</a> - Dr Yanbo Cheng <b>Session 2 – Deep dives into Birrindudu, West Musgrave and South Nicholson–Georgina regions</b> <a href="https://youtu.be/DEbkcgqwLE8?si=sBKGaMTq_mheURib">Northwest Northern Territory Seismic Survey: Resource studies and results</a> - Paul Henson <a href="https://youtu.be/k9vwBa1fM9E?si=VOG19nBC1DAk-jGH">Tracing Ancient Rivers: A hydrogeological investigation of the West Musgrave Region</a> - Joshua Lester <a href="https://youtu.be/Du1JANovz8M?si=1XEOF87gxhSP9UF3">Water's journey: Understanding groundwater dynamics in the South Nicholson and Georgina basins, NT and QLD </a>- Dr Prachi Dixon-Jain <b>Session 3 – Groundwater systems of the Curnamona and upper Darling-Baaka River</b> <a href="https://youtu.be/nU8dpekmEHQ?si=WygIzefKNzsU4gUA">Groundwater systems of the upper Darling-Baaka floodplain: An integrated assessment</a> - Dr Sarah Buckerfield <a href="https://youtu.be/AKOhuDEPxIA?si=ebradAT6EBwHhPQ_">Potential for a Managed Aquifer Recharge Scheme in the upper Darling-Baaka floodplain: Wilcannia region</a> - Dr Kok Piang Tan <a href="https://youtu.be/epUdD8ax2FQ?si=_aMO_e_ZDZESgLOR">Aquifer alchemy: Decoding mineral clues in the Curnamona region</a> - Ivan Schroder Exploring for the Future: Final reflection – Karol Czarnota Resourcing Australia’s Prosperity – Andrew Heap View or download the <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.26186/149800">Exploring for the Future - An overview of Australia’s transformational geoscience program</a> publication. View or download the <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.26186/149743">Exploring for the Future - Australia's transformational geoscience program</a> publication. You can access full session and Q&A recordings from YouTube here: 2024 Showcase Day 4 - Session 1 - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4nuIQsl71cY">Deep Dives into the Delamerian</a> 2024 Showcase Day 4 - Session 2 - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9N3dIZRAcHk">Deep dives into Birrindudu, West Musgrave and South Nicholson–Georgina regions</a> 2024 Showcase Day 4 - Session 3 - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ddvLAnUdOI">Groundwater systems of the Curnamona and upper Darling-Baaka River</a>
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The Australian earth sciences have been recognized as part of Australia's key scientific capability to understand the structure and evolution of the Australian continent. Over the last five years, Geoscience Australia, through its Onshore Energy Security Program (OESP), in conjunction with the State and Territory Geological Surveys, the Predictive Mineral Discovery Cooperative Research Centre (pmd*CRC), the AuScope Earth Imaging (under Australian Government's National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy) and the Australian National Seismic Imaging Resource has acquired over 6,500 line kilometres of new world-class seismic reflection data and over 3,700 kilometres of magnetotelluric (MT) data from more than 640 stations. Geoscience Australia acquires high quality deep seismic reflection data in most of Australia's economically significant geological regions, by collecting at least one deep seismic reflection traverse across the key structures. The acquisition parameters for regional vibroseis surveys have been selected from broad experience in hard rock environments and experimental programs prior to seismic acquisition. Three IVI HEMI-50 or 60 peak force vibrators are used with three 12 s varisweeps with 80 m between vibration points, 40 m group interval, and 20 s listening time to image down to approximately 60 km in depth. Geoscience Australia continues to provide expertise in deep crustal seismic reflection processing and mineral province interpretation to collaborative research programmes which focus on understanding the 3D crustal architecture and mineral systems within `hard-rock' mineral provinces. As part of this program , broadband and long period MT data have been acquired along 12 deep seismic reflection transects across potential mineral provinces and frontier sedimentary basins.
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Preserved within the Glenelg River Complex of SE Australia is a sequence of metamorphosed late Neoproterozoic-early Cambrian deep marine sediments intruded by mafic rocks ranging in composition from continental tholeiites to mid-ocean ridge basalts. This sequence originated during breakup of the Rodinia supercontinent and is locally host to lenses of variably sheared and serpentinised mantle-derived peridotite (Hummocks Serpentinite) representing the deepest exposed structural levels within the metamorphic complex. Direct tectonic emplacement of these rocks from mantle depths is considered unlikely and the ultramafites are interpreted here as fragments of sub-continental lithosphere originally exhumed at the seafloor during continental breakup through processes analogous to those that produced the hyper-extended continental margins of the North Atlantic. Subsequent to burial beneath marine sediments, the exhumed ultramafic rocks and their newly acquired sedimentary cover were deformed and tectonically dismembered during arc-continent collision accompanying the early Paleozoic Delamerian Orogeny, and transported to higher structural levels in the hangingwalls of west-directed thrust faults. Thrust-hosted metasedimentary rocks yield detrital zircon populations that constrain the age of mantle exhumation and attendant continental breakup to be no later than late Neoproterozoic-earliest Cambrian. A second extensional event commencing ca. 490 Ma overprints the Delamerian-age structures; it was accompanied by granite magmatism and low pressure-high temperature metamorphism but outside the zone of magmatic intrusion failed to erase the original, albeit modified, rift geometry. This geometry originally extended southward into formerly contiguous parts of the Ross Orogen in Antarctica where mafic-ultramafic rocks are similarly hosted by a deformed continental margin sequence.
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The Antarctic Ice Sheet plays a fundamental role in influencing global climate, ocean circulation patterns and sea levels. Currently, significant research effort is being directed at understanding ice sheet dynamics, ice mass balance, ice sheet changes and the potential impact on, and magnitude of, global climate change. An important boundary condition parameter, critical for accurate modelling of ice sheet dynamics, is geothermal heat flux, the product of natural radiogenic heat generated within the earth and conducted to the earths surface. The total geothermal heat flux consists of a mantle heat component and a crustal component. Ice sheet modelling generally assume an 'average' crustal heat production value with the main variable in geothermal heat flux due to variation of the mantle contribution as a function of crustal thickness. The mantle contribution is typically estimated by global scale seismic tomography studies or other remote methods. While the mantle contribution to the geothermal heat flux is a necessary component, studies of ice sheet dynamics do not generally consider local heterogeneity of heat production within the crust, which can vary significantly from global averages. Heterogeneity of crustal heat production can contribute to significant local variation of geothermal heat flux and may provide crucial information necessary for understanding local ice sheet behaviour and modelling.
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Three-dimensional gravity models are a useful part of improving the geological understanding of large areas in various geological settings. Such models can assist seismic interpretation, particularly in areas of poor seismic coverage. In general, forward modelling and inversion are conducted until a single model is derived that fits well to the observed gravity field. However, the value of such a model is limited because it shows only one possible solution that depends on a fixed set of underlying assumptions. These underlying assumptions are not always clear to the interpreter and an arguably more useful approach is to prepare multiple models that test various scenarios under a range of different assumptions. The misfit between observed and calculated gravity for these various models helps to highlight flaws in the assumptions behind a particular choice of physical parameters or model geometry. Identifying these flaws helps to guide improvements in the geological understanding of the area. We present case studies for sedimentary basins off western Africa and western Australia. The flawed models have been used to rethink assumptions related to the geology, crustal structure and isostatic state associated with the basins, and also to identify areas where seismic interpretation might need to be revised. The result is a more reliable interpretation in which key uncertainties are more clearly evident.
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Australia's southern magma-poor rifted margin extends for over 4000 km, from the structurally complex region south of the Naturaliste Plateau in the west, to the transform plate boundary adjacent to the South Tasman Rise in the east (Figure 1a). The margin contains a series of Middle Jurassic to Cenozoic basins-the Bight, Otway, Sorell and Bass basins, and smaller depocentres on the South Tasman Rise (Figure 1b). These basins, and the architecture of the margin, evolved through repeated episodes of extension and thermal subsidence leading up to, and following, the commencement of seafloor spreading between Australia and Antarctica. Break-up took place diachronously along the margin, commencing in the west at ~83 Ma and concluding in the east at ~ 34 Ma. The Australian southern margin exhibits a gross 3-fold segmentation that is the product of basement geology and a prolonged and diachronous extension and breakup history. The basins that developed on the margin reflect those influences. Analysis of the stratigraphic evolution of those basins provides valuable constraints on the nature and timing of breakup processes in the absence of drilling on distal parts of the margin.