Hot emissions of mainly sulphur dioxide and carbon dioxide took place from a mound in Koranga open cut, near Wau, following a landslide at the end of May, 1967. Rocks of the Holocene volcano, Koranga, are exposed in the open cut. The emissions lasted about three months, and ceased on 13 August after another landslide removed the active mound. During the period of activity, recorded temperatures ranged up to 680°C; no anomalous seismic or tilt phenomena were recorded. The cause of the activity is not known, but it is thought that the high temperatures and gases may have been the result of the spontaneous combustion of reactive sulphides and carbonaceous material present in the altered rocks of Koranga volcano.

On the 30th September 2009 a magnitude 7.6 earthquake struck West Sumatra in the Padang and Pariaman regions. It caused widespread damage to buildings and resulted and an estimated 1,117 fatalities. Thankfully the event was not accompanied by a tsunami that could have had additional devastating impacts and a greatly increased mortality. Under its mandate the AIFDR responded to the earthquake event with the objective of deriving an understanding of the factors that had contributed to outcome. It supported a team of Indonesian and international engineers and scientists who collected and analysed damage information that could subsequently be used for future disaster risk reduction in West Sumatra and Indonesia more broadly. The activity was jointly led by the Centre for Disaster Mitigation at the Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB) and Geoscience Australia. This report provides a background to the region, describes the nature of the earthquake and its impacts, details the survey activity and outlines the significant outcomes that has come from it. Importantly, it makes several recommendations to assist in the regional reconstruction after the event and to guide future development in the Padang region and Indonesia more generally.

Probabilistic earthquake hazard maps were prepared for the Fiji Islands. Damage has been caused by Fiji earthquakes around 1850, in 1884, 1902, 1919, 1932 (twice), 1953 and 1979. No previous assessment had produced a comprehensive description of the earthquake hazard in Fiji and the present study was initiated in 1990 when the author was attached to the Mineral Resources Department, Fiji. Collection and analysis of data continued at MRD until 1992 and the study was completed at the Australian Geological Survey Organisation in 1993-1997. The aim of the study was to produce probabilistic earthquake hazard maps which can be used in the National Building Code for Fiji, for design of special structures, for planning, for emergency management and for risk management. Few, if any, similar studies have been undertaken in the seismically active Southwest Pacific.

The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) and Geoscience Australia (GA) have developed a long-term partnership in order to better understand and reduce the risks associated with earthquake hazards in the Philippines. The Project discussed herein was supported by the Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID). Specifically, this partnership was designed to enhance the exposure and damage estimation capabilities of the Rapid Earthquake Damage Assessment System (REDAS), which has been designed and built by PHIVOLCS. Prior to the commencement of this Project, REDAS had the capability to model a range of potential earthquake hazards including ground shaking, tsunami inundation, liquefaction and landslides, as well as providing information about elements at risk (e.g., schools, bridges, etc.) from the aforementioned hazards. The current Project enhances the exposure and vulnerability modules in REDAS and enable it to estimate building damage and fatalities resulting from scenario earthquakes, and to provide critical information to first-responders on the likely impacts of an earthquake in near real-time. To investigate this emergent capability within PHIVOLCS, we have chosen the pilot community of Iloilo City, Western Visayas. A large component of this project has been the compilation of datasets to develop building exposure models, and subsequently, developing methodologies to make these datasets useful for natural hazard impact assessments. Collection of the exposure data was undertaken at two levels: national and local. The national exposure dataset was gathered from the Philippines National Statistics Office (NSO) and comprises basic information on wall type, roof type, and floor area for residential buildings. The NSO census dataset also comprises crucial information on the population distribution throughout the Philippines. The local exposure dataset gathered from the Iloilo City Assessors Office includes slightly more detailed information on the building type for all buildings (residential, commercial, government, etc.) and appears to provide more accurate information on the floor area. However, the local Iloilo City dataset does not provide any information on the number of people that occupy these buildings. Consequently, in order for the local data to be useful for our purposes, we must merge the population data from the NSO with the local Assessors Office data. Subsequent validation if the Iloilo City exposure database has been conducted through targeted foot-based building inventory surveys and has allowed us to generate statistical models to approximate the distribution of engineering structural systems aggregated at a barangay level using simple wall and roof-type information from the NSO census data. We present a comparison of the national and local exposure data and discuss how information assembled from the Iloilo City pilot study - and future study areas where detailed exposure assessments are conducted - could be extended to describe the distribution of building stock in other regions of the Philippines using only the first-order national-scale NSO data. We present exposure information gathered for Iloilo City at barangay level in a format that can be readily imported to REDAS for estimating earthquake impact.

Papua New Guinea (PNG) lies in a belt of intense tectonic activity that experiences high levels of seismicity. Although this seismicity poses significant risks to society, the Building Code of PNG and its underpinning seismic loading requirements have not been revised since 1982. This study aims to partially address this gap by updating the seismic zoning map on which the earthquake loading component of the building code is based. We performed a new probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for PNG using the OpenQuake software developed by the Global Earthquake Model Foundation (Pagani et al. 2014). Among other enhancements, for the first time together with background sources, individual fault sources are implemented to represent active major and microplate boundaries in the region to better constrain the earthquake-rate and seismic-source models. The seismic-source model also models intraslab, Wadati–Benioff zone seismicity in a more realistic way using a continuous slab volume to constrain the finite ruptures of such events. The results suggest a high level of hazard in the coastal areas of the Huon Peninsula and the New Britain – Bougainville region, and a relatively low level of hazard in the southwestern part of mainland PNG. In comparison with the seismic zonation map in the current design standard, it can be noted that the spatial distribution of seismic hazard used for building design does not match the bedrock hazard distribution of this study. In particular, the high seismic hazard of the Huon Peninsula in the revised assessment is not captured in the current building code of PNG. <b>Citation:</b> Ghasemi, H., Cummins, P., Weatherill, G. <i>et al.</i> Seismotectonic model and probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for Papua New Guinea. <i>Bull Earthquake Eng, </i><b>18</b>, 6571–6605 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-020-00966-1

In November, 2018 a workshop of experts sponsored by UNESCO’s Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission was convened in Wellington, New Zealand. The meeting was organized by Working Group (WG) 1 of the Pacific Tsunami Warning System (PTWS). The meeting brought together fourteen experts from various disciplines and four different countries (New Zealand, Australia, USA and French Polynesia) and four observers from Pacific Island countries (Tonga, Fiji), with the objective of understanding the tsunami hazard posed by the Tonga-Kermadec trench, evaluating the current state of seismic and tsunami instrumentation in the region and assessing the level of readiness of at-risk populations. The meeting took place in the “Beehive” Annex to New Zealand’s Parliament building nearby the offices of the Ministry of Civil Defence and Emergency Management. The meeting was co-chaired by Mrs. Sarah-Jayne McCurrach (New Zealand) from the Ministry of Civil Defence and Emergency Management and Dr. Diego Arcas (USA) from NOAA’s Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory. As one of the meeting objectives, the experts used their state-of-the-science knowledge of local tectonics to identify some of the potential, worst-case seismic scenarios for the Tonga-Kermadec trench. These scenarios were ranked as low, medium and high probability events by the same experts. While other non-seismic tsunamigenic scenarios were acknowledged, the level of uncertainty in the region, associated with the lack of instrumentation prevented the experts from identifying worse case scenarios for non-seismic sources. The present report synthesizes some of the findings of, and presents the seismic sources identified by the experts to pose the largest tsunami risk to nearby coastlines. In addition, workshop participants discussed existing gaps in scientific knowledge of local tectonics, including seismic and tsunami instrumentation of the trench and current level of tsunami readiness for at-risk populations, including real-time tsunami warnings. The results and conclusions of the meeting are presented in this report and some recommendations are summarized in the final section.

The Philippine archipalego is tectonically complex and seismically hazardous, yet few seismic hazard assessments have provided national coverage. This paper presents an updated probabilistic seismic hazard analysis for the nation. Active shallow crustal seismicity is modeled by faults and gridded point sources accounting for spatially variable occurrence rates. Subduction interfaces are modelled with faults of complex geometry. Intraslab seismicity is modeled by ruptures filling the slab volume. Source geometries and earthquake rates are derived from seismicity catalogs, geophysical datasets, and historic-to-paleoseismic constraints on fault slip rates. The ground motion characterization includes models designed for global use, with partial constraint by residual analysis. Shallow crustal faulting near metropolitan Manila, Davao, and Cebu dominates shaking hazard. In a few places, peak ground acceleration with 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years on rock reaches 1.0 g. The results of this study may assist in calculating the design base shear in the National Structural Code of the Philippines.

The Greater Metro Manila Area is one of the world's megacities and is home to about 12 million people. It is located in a region at risk from earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tropical cyclones, riverine flooding, landslides and other natural hazards. Major flooding affected the Greater Metro Manila Area in September 2009 following the passage of Typhoon Ketsana (known locally as Typhoon Ondoy). Following this event, the Australian Aid Program supported Geoscience Australia to undertake a capacity building project with its partner agencies in the Government of the Philippines. The output of this project has been a series of risk information products developed by agencies in the Collective Strengthening of Community Awareness for Natural Disasters (CSCAND) group. These products quantify the expected physical damage and economic loss to buildings caused by earthquakes, tropical cyclone severe wind and riverine flooding across the Greater Metro Manila Area. Spatial data is a key input to the development of hazard models and information on exposure, or the 'elements at risk'. The development of a spatially enabled exposure database was a crucial element in the construction of risk information products for the Greater Metro Manila Area. The database provides one central repository to host consistent information about the location, size, type, age, residential population and structural characteristics of buildings within the area of interest. Unique spatial analysis techniques were employed to quantify and record important aspects of the built environment, for inclusion in the database. The process of exposure data development within the Greater Metro Manila Area, including a new application developed by Geoscience Australia for estimating the geometric characteristics of buildings from high resolution elevation data and multi-spectral imagery, will be presented.

The Assessment of Tropical Cyclone Risks in the Pacific Region project represents a collaboration between DIICCSRTE and Geoscience Australia with PCRAFI and AIR Worldwide. Building on the expertise of each organisation, the project will deliver an assessment of the financial risks to buildings, infrastructure and agriculture arising from tropical cyclones (TCs) under current and future climate regimes. This extends previous risk assessments undertaken by incorporating the influence of climate change on the hazard (TCs) into the assessment process. The output of this study is a set of peril matrices, which detail the relative change in parameters describing TC behaviour: e.g. annual mean frequency, mean maximum intensity and mean latitude of genesis. The relative changes are evaluated as the fractional change between TC behavior in current climate GCM simulations and future climate GCM simulations.

In June 2012 Geoscience Australia was commissioned by Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) to undertake detailed wind hazard assessments for 14 Pacific Island countries and East Timor as part of the Pacific-Australia Climate Change Science and Adaptation Planning (PACCSAP) program. PACCSAP program follows on from work Geoscience Australia did for the Pacific Climate Change Science Program (PCCSP) looking at CMIP3 generation of climate models. The objective of this study is to improve scientific knowledge by examining past climate trends and variability to provide regional and national climate projections. This document presents results from current and future climate projections of severe wind hazard from tropical cyclones for the 15 PACCSAP partner countries describing the data and methods used for the analysis. The severe wind hazard was estimated for current (1981 to 2000) and future (2081 to 2100) climate scenarios. Tropical-cyclone like vortices from climate simulations conducted by CSIRO using six Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) models (BCC-CSM1.1, NorESM1-M, CSIRO-Mk3.6, IPSL-CM5A, MRI-CGM3 and GFDL-ESM2M) as well as the International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship were used as input to the Geoscience Australia's Tropical Cyclone Risk Model to generate return period wind speeds for the 15 PACCSAP partner countries. The Tropical Cyclone Risk Model is a statistical-parametric model of tropical cyclone behaviour, enabling users to generate synthetic records of tropical cyclones representing many thousands of years of activity. The 500-year return period wind speed is analysed and discussed into more details in this report, since it is used as a benchmark for the design loads on residential buildings. Results indicate that there is not a consistent spatial trend for the changes in 500-year cyclonic wind speed return period when CMIP5 models are compared individually. BCC-CSM1M and IPSL-CM5A presented an increase in the annual TC frequency for East Timor, northern hemisphere and southern hemisphere. On the other hand, NorESM1M showed a decrease in the annual TC frequency for the same areas. The other three models showed a mixed of increase and decrease in their annual TC frequency. When CMIP5 models were analysed by partner county capitals for the 500-year cyclonic wind speed return period, IPSL-CM5A and GFDL-ESM2M models presented an increase in the cyclonic wind speed intensity for almost all capitals analysed with exception of Funafuti (GFDL-ESM2M), which presented a decrease of 0.7% and Honiara (IPSL-CM5A) with a decrease of 1.6%. The tropical cyclone annual frequency ensemble mean indicates an increase in the tropical cyclone frequency within all three regions considered in this study. When looking at individual capitals, a slight increase in the 500-year return period cyclonic wind speed ensemble mean varying between 0.8% (Port Vila) to 9.1% (Majuro) is noticed. A decline around 2.4% on average in the 500-year return period cyclonic wind speed ensemble mean is observed in Dili, Suva, Nukualofa and Ngerulmud. The ensemble spatial relative change did not show any particular consistency for the 500-year cyclonic wind speed. Areas where Marshall Islands and Niue are located presented an increase in the 500-year cyclonic wind speed while a decrease is observed in areas around South of Vanuatu, East of Solomon Islands, South of Fiji and some areas in Tonga. The information from the evaluation of severe wind hazard from tropical cyclones, together with other PACCSAP program outputs, will be used to build partner country capacity to effectively adapt and plan for the future and overcome challenges from climate change.