This web service contains a selection of remotely sensed raster products used in the Exploring for the Future (EFTF) East Kimberley Groundwater Project. Selected products were derived from LiDAR, Landsat (5, 7, and 8), and Sentinel-2 data. Datasets include: 1) mosaic 5 m digital elevation model (DEM) with shaded relief; 2) vegetation structure stratum and substratum classes; 3) Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) 20th, 50th, and 80th percentiles; 4) Tasselled Cap exceedance summaries; 5) Normalised Difference Moisture Index (NDMI) and Normalised Difference Wetness Index (NDWI). Landsat spectral reflectance products can be used to highlight land cover characteristics such as brightness, greenness and wetness, and vegetation condition; Sentinel-2 datasets help to detect vegetation moisture stress or waterlogging; LiDAR datasets providing a five meter DEM and vegetation structure stratum classes for detailed analysis of vegetation and relief.

The Vegetation Structure classes dataset was derived from Vegetation Height Model (VHM) and Fractional Cover Model (FCM) LiDAR products. The National Vegetation Information System framework was used to classify vegetation height and canopy/cover density into (sub-)stratum, growth forms, and structural formation classes. The classifications contain descriptions and spatial extents of the vegetation types for the East Kimberley LiDAR survey area. The displayed classifications include 19 dominant structural formation classes, and 43 dominant sub-structural formation classes for lower-, mid-, and upper stratum. High resolution LiDAR imagery, including Digital Elevation Model (DEM), Canopy Height Model (CHM), Vegetation Height Model (VHM), Vegetation Cover Model (VCM) and Fractional Cover Model (FCM) surfaces were acquired for the East Kimberley area in June 2017. All the data were released in 2019 (Geoscience Australia, 2019). For the purposes of vegetation structure mapping, the two input datasets were resampled, classified and combined to produce a vegetation structure map for the East Kimberley area. The methods are described by Lawrie et al. (2012), with the following differences: • resampling used Focal Statistic Min in ArcGIS as it more accurately represented vegetation extent • VHM was used instead of CHM as CHM did not include low vegetation (i.e ground cover). • VHM and FCM were classified into height and foliage cover classes using the Australian Vegetation Attribute Manual (NVIS Technical Working Group, 2017). Authors acknowledge the tremendous work of the Geoscience Australia Elevation team who carried out post processing, classification, production, quality assurance and delivery of all released LiDAR data products (see Geoscience Australia, 2019). In particular, the authors thank Graham Hammond, Kevin Kennedy, Jonathan Weales, Grahaem Chiles, Robert Kay, Shane Crossman, and Simon Costelloe. Geoscience Australia, 2019. Kimberley East - LiDAR data. Geoscience Australia, Canberra. C7FDA017-80B2-4F98-8147-4D3E4DF595A2 https://pid.geoscience.gov.au/dataset/ga/129985 Lawrie, K.C., Brodie, R.S., Tan, K.P., Gibson, D., Magee, J., Clarke, J.D.A., Halas, L., Gow, L., Somerville, P., Apps, H.E., Christensen, N.B., Brodie, R.C., Abraham, J., Smith, M., Page, D., Dillon, P., Vanderzalm, J., Miotlinski, K., Hostetler, S., Davis, A., Ley-Cooper, A.Y., Schoning, G., Barry, K. and Levett, K. 2012. BHMAR Project: Data Acquisition, processing, analysis and interpretation methods. Geoscience Australia Record 2012/11. 826p. NVIS Technical Working Group. 2017 Chapter 4.0 NVIS attributes listed and described in detail. In: Australian Vegetation Attribute Manual: National. Vegetation Information System, Version 7.0. Department of the Environment and Energy, Canberra. Prep by Bolton, M.P., deLacey, C. and Bossard, K.B. (Eds).

The Bass Strait Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is a compilation of all available bathymetry data for the area of seabed between the coastlines of Victoria and northern Tasmania, extending approximately 460 km from west of King Island to east of Flinders Island. The Bass Strait is bounded by a continental slope incised with numerous canyons, including the prominent Bass Canyon on the eastern side. The region encompasses islands and exposed rocks, drowned paleo-shorelines and dunefields, fringed by a rugged coastline. Bathymetry mapping of the seafloor is vital for the protection of Bass Strait, allowing for safe navigation of shipping, improved environmental management and resource development. Australian Hydrographic Office-supplied ENC tile spot depths were used to develop the general bathymetry variation across the entire region. Shallow- and deep-water multibeam survey data reveal the complexity of the seafloor for the continental shelf and adjacent canyons which incise the western and eastern sides of Bass Strait. Airborne LiDAR bathymetry acquired by the Australian Hydrographic Office cover most of the northern Tasmanian nearshore and coast, with some coverage gaps supplemented by Landsat-8 satellite derived bathymetry data. The Geoscience Australia-developed Intertidal Elevation Model DEM improves the source data over the intertidal zone. Highly accurate photogrammetry coastline data developed for the Tasmania, Victoria and New South Wales coastlines, and Near Surface Feature data representing shoal features observable in aerial imagery, were used to improve the land/water interface of the numerous island and rock features. All source bathymetry data were extensively edited as 3D point clouds to remove noise, given a consistent WGS84 horizontal datum, and where possible, an approximate MSL vertical datum.<p><p>This dataset is not to be used for navigational purposes.

As part of the Urban Digital Elevation Modelling (UDEM) Project (July 2008- June 2010), Airborne LiDAR data were acquired in partnership with State jurisdictions over priority areas including Perth-Bunbury, Adelaide, Brisbane and the Gold Coast, Melbourne, Sydney and the NSW Hunter and Central Coast. These datasets were then further processed to produce hydrologically enforced and conditioned DEMs (Hydro-DEMs).

Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) systems measure surface properties at high resolution, including ground surface elevation, and vegetation height and density. As well as having routine application in studies of surface hydrology, vegetation, ecology, infrastructure and hazard assessments, LiDAR is important in groundwater studies as it can help characterise and inform hydrogeological architecture, recharge and discharge processes, surface water–groundwater connectivity, and groundwater-dependent ecosystems. LiDAR-based high-resolution elevation data support surface and subsurface mapping, borehole data analysis, and the processing, calibration and interpretation of geophysics and remote sensing. Here, we describe several applications of airborne LiDAR to understanding groundwater systems in two case study areas in northern Australia: the East Kimberley area in the Northern Territory and Western Australia, and the Upper Burdekin area in Queensland. The East Kimberley LiDAR data were critical to mapping geomorphology and near-surface hydrostratigraphy, which informed our understanding of recharge processes. The Upper Burdekin LiDAR data enabled the mapping of key surface features such as lava flows and rootless cones, which can act as recharge pathways. <b>Citation:</b> Halas, L., Kilgour, P., Gow, L. and Haiblen, A., 2020. Application of high-resolution LiDAR data for hydrogeological investigations. In: Czarnota, K., Roach, I., Abbott, S., Haynes, M., Kositcin, N., Ray, A. and Slatter, E. (eds.) Exploring for the Future: Extended Abstracts, Geoscience Australia, Canberra, 1–4.

The ACT Elevation Acquisition 2015 is a highly accurate airborne LiDAR dataset, to be used to accurately model the impacts of climate change, disaster management, water security, environmental management, urban planning and infrastructure design. The full dataset covers the entire state of the ACT with a density of 4 pulses per square metre, and the Canberra's City Center at 8 pulses per square metre. LiDAR is classified to ICSM specification Level 3 (for ground) and delivered as LAS v1.4 in both ellipsoidal and othormetric formats. In addition, full waveform datasets have been provided for a small region within the 8 pulses per square metre area of interest. The outputs of the project are compliant with National ICSM LiDAR Product Specifications and the NEDF. The classification scheme is as follows: Unclassified (1), Ground (2), low vegetation (0-0.3m : 3), medium vegetation (0.3-2m : 4), high vegetation (>2m : 5), buildings (6), low noise (7), water (9), bridge (17), and high noise (18). The full waveform LiDAR dataset provides up to 7 returns per pulse depending upon the complexity of the features on the ground. This dataset defines the classified Australian Height Datum (AHD) LiDAR dataset for the full ACT region minus Canberra's City Center at 4 pulses per square metre.

<div>The Lacepede Channel bathymetry survey was acquired for the Australian Hydrographic Office (AHO) onboard the MV Pacific Conquest and USV Blue Shadow - 901 during the period 19 May 2021 – 22 Sep 2021. This was a contracted survey conducted for the Australian Hydrographic Office by Fugro as part of the Hydroscheme Industry Partnership Program. The survey area encompases an area in Lacepede Channel, Western Australia. Bathymetry data was acquired using a Kongsberg EM2040 Mk II, and processed using Caris Hips & Sips processing software. The dataset was then exported as a 30m resolution, 32 bit floating point GeoTIFF grid of the survey area.</div><div>This dataset is not to be used for navigational purposes.</div>

The AusBathyTopo 250m (Australia) 2023 Grid is a high-resolution depth model for Australia that replaces the Australian Bathymetry and Topography Grid, June 2009. This publication is the result of a collaborative partnership between Geoscience Australia, the Australian Hydrographic Office, James Cook University, and the University of Sydney. It has been compiled using 1582 unique data sources from multibeam echosounders, single-beam echosounders, LiDAR, 3D seismic first returns, Electronic Navigation Charts and satellite derived bathymetry alongside higher-resolution regional compilations. In particular, the map incorporates new innovations such as the use of earth observation data (satellite based) produced by Digital Earth Australia to improve shallow coastal depth modelling to present a seamless transition between land and sea. All source bathymetry data were extensively edited as 3D point clouds to remove noise, given a consistent WGS84 horizontal datum, and where possible, an approximate MSL vertical datum. This new continental-scale grid represents decades of data collection, analysis, investment and collaboration from Australia’s seabed mapping community and is a significant improvement on the 2009 compilation. The data extends across a vast area from 92°E to 172° E and 8°S to 60° S. This includes areas adjacent to the Australian continent and Tasmania, and surrounding Macquarie Island and the Australian Territories of Norfolk Island, Christmas Island, and Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Australia's marine jurisdiction offshore from the territory of Heard and McDonald Islands and the Australian Antarctic Territory are not included. We acknowledge the use of the CSIRO Marine National Facility (https://ror.org/01mae9353 ) in undertaking this research. The datasets used were collected by the Marine National Facility on 43 voyages (see Lineage for identification). This dataset is not to be used for navigational purposes.

This web service contains a selection of remotely sensed raster products used in the Exploring for the Future (EFTF) East Kimberley Groundwater Project. Selected products were derived from LiDAR, Landsat (5, 7, and 8), and Sentinel-2 data. Datasets include: 1) mosaic 5 m digital elevation model (DEM) with shaded relief; 2) vegetation structure stratum and substratum classes; 3) Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) 20th, 50th, and 80th percentiles; 4) Tasselled Cap exceedance summaries; 5) Normalised Difference Moisture Index (NDMI) and Normalised Difference Wetness Index (NDWI). Landsat spectral reflectance products can be used to highlight land cover characteristics such as brightness, greenness and wetness, and vegetation condition; Sentinel-2 datasets help to detect vegetation moisture stress or waterlogging; LiDAR datasets providing a five meter DEM and vegetation structure stratum classes for detailed analysis of vegetation and relief.

The Australian Bathymetry and Topography (AusBathyTopo) Torres Strait dataset contains depth and elevation data compiled from all available data within the Torres Strait into a 30 m-resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The Torres Strait lies at the northern end of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), the largest coral reef ecosystem on Earth, and straddles the Arafura Sea to the west and the Coral Sea to the east. The Torres Strait area is bounded by Australia, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Bathymetry mapping of this extensive reef and shoal system is vital for the protection of the Torres Strait allowing for the safe navigation of shipping and improved environmental management. Over past ten years, deep-water multibeam surveys have revealed the highly complex continental slope canyons in deeper Coral Sea waters. Shallow-water multibeam surveys conducted by the US-funded Source-to-Sink program revealed the extensive Fly River delta deposits. Airborne LiDAR bathymetry acquired by the Australian Hydrographic Office cover most of the Torres Strait and GBR reefs, with coverage gaps supplemented by satellite derived bathymetry. The Geoscience Australia-developed National Intertidal DIgital Elevation Model (NIDEM) improves the source data gap along Australia’s vast intertidal zone. We acknowledge the use of the CSIRO Marine National Facility (https://ror.org/01mae9353 ) in undertaking this research.” The datasets used were collected by the Marine National Facility on 13 voyages (see Lineage for identification). All source bathymetry data were extensively edited as point clouds to remove noise, given a consistent WGS84 horizontal datum, and where possible, an approximate MSL vertical datum. The 30 m-resolution grid is a fundamental dataset to underpin marine habitat mapping, and can be used to accurately simulate water mixing within a whole-of-GBR scale hydrodynamic model. This dataset is not to be used for navigational purposes.