<div>The National Geochemical Survey of Australia (NGSA) is Australia’s only internally consistent, continental-scale geochemical atlas and dataset. The present dataset contains additional mineralogical data obtained on NGSA samples selected from the Barkly-Isa-Georgetown (BIG) region of northeastern Australia for the second partial data release of the Heavy Mineral Map of Australia (HMMA) project. The HMMA project, a collaborative project between Geoscience Australia and Curtin University underpinned by a pilot project establishing its feasibility, is part of the Australian Government-funded Exploring for the Future (EFTF) program.</div><div>One-hundred and eighty eight NGSA sediment samples were selected from the HMMA project within the EFTF’s BIG polygon plus an approximately one-degree buffer. The samples were taken on average from 60 to 80 cm depth in floodplain landforms, dried and sieved to a 75-430 µm grainsize fraction, and the contained heavy minerals (HMs; i.e., those with a specific gravity > 2.9 g/cm3) were separated by dense fluids and mounted on cylindrical epoxy mounts. After polishing and carbon-coating, the mounts were subjected to automated mineralogical analysis on a TESCAN® Integrated Mineral Analyzer (TIMA). Using scanning electron microscopy and backscatter electron imaging integrated with energy dispersive X-ray analysis, the TIMA identified 151 different HMs in the BIG area. The dataset, consisting of over 18 million individual mineral grains, was quality controlled and validated by an expert team. The data released here can be visualised, explored and downloaded using an online, bespoke mineral network analysis (MNA) tool built on a cloud-based platform. Preliminary analysis suggests that copper minerals cuprite and chalcopyrite may be indicative of base-metal/copper mineralisation in the area. Accompanying this report are two data files of TIMA results, and a minerals vocabulary file. </div><div>When completed in 2023, it is hoped the HMMA project will positively impact mineral exploration and prospectivity modelling around Australia, as well as have other applications in earth and environmental sciences.</div>

<div>The Petroleum Systems Summary database stores the compilation of the current understanding of petroleum systems information by basin across Australia. The Petroleum Systems Summary database and delivery tool provide high-level information of the current understanding of key petroleum systems for areas of interest. For example, geological studies in the Exploring for the Future (EFTF) program have included the Canning, McArthur and South Nicholson basins (Carr et al., 2016; Hashimoto et al., 2018). The database and tool aim to assist geological studies by summarising and interpreting key datasets related to conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon exploration. Each petroleum systems summary includes a synopsis of the basin and key figures detailing the basin outline, major structural components, data availability, petroleum systems events chart and stratigraphy, and a précis of the key elements of source, reservoir and seal. Standardisation of petroleum systems nomenclature establishes a framework for each basin after Bradshaw (1993) and Bradshaw et al. (1994), with the source-reservoir naming conventions adopted from Magoon and Dow (1994).&nbsp;</div><div><br></div><div>The resource is accessible via the Geoscience Australia Portal&nbsp;(https://portal.ga.gov.au/) via the Petroleum Systems Summary Tool (Edwards et al., 2020).</div>

<div>The 2024 Critical Minerals in Ores (CMiO) Database factsheet contains information about the purpose of the CMiO, provides links to access the CMiO, two case studies on critical mineral abundance in deposits and a link to the user guide and submission template to provide data to the CMiO. This factsheet is an is an updated version of the Kelley 2020 USGS factsheet (https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20203035). The CMiO was produced through the Critical Minerals Mapping Initiative (CMMI), a collaboration between Geoscience Australia (GA), the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) and the United States Geological Survey (USGS) in 2021 and is periodically updated. Note: A copy of the updated factsheet will not be available until the end of 2024.

<div>Disruptions to the global supply chains of critical raw materials (CRM) have the potential to delay or increase the cost of the renewable energy transition. However, for some CRM, the primary drivers of these supply chain disruptions are likely to be issues related to environmental, social, and governance (ESG) rather than geological scarcity. Herein we combine public geospatial data as mappable proxies for key ESG indicators (e.g., conservation, biodiversity, freshwater, energy, waste, land use, human development, health and safety, and governance) and a global dataset of news events to train and validate three models for predicting “conflict” events (e.g., disputes, protests, violence) that can negatively impact CRM supply chains: (1) a knowledge-driven fuzzy logic model that yields an area under the curve (AUC) for the receiver operating characteristics plot of 0.72 for the entire model; (2) a naïve Bayes model that yields an AUC of 0.81 for the test set; and (3) a deep learning model comprising stacked autoencoders and a feed-forward artificial neural network that yields an AUC of 0.91 for the test set. The high AUC of the deep learning model demonstrates that public geospatial data can accurately predict natural resources conflicts, but we show that machine learning results are biased by proxies for population density and likely underestimate the potential for conflict in remote areas. Knowledge-driven methods are the least impacted by population bias and are used to calculate an ESG rating that is then applied to a global dataset of lithium occurrences as a case study. We demonstrate that giant lithium brine deposits (i.e., >10&nbsp;Mt Li2O) are restricted to regions with higher spatially situated risks relative to a subset of smaller pegmatite-hosted deposits that yield higher ESG ratings (i.e., lower risk). Our results reveal trade-offs between the sources of lithium, resource size, and spatially situated risks. We suggest that this type of geospatial ESG rating is broadly applicable to other CRM and that mapping spatially situated risks prior to mineral exploration has the potential to improve ESG outcomes and government policies that strengthen supply chains. <b>Citation:</b> Haynes M, Chudasama B, Goodenough K, Eerola T, Golev A, Zhang SE, Park J and Lèbre E (2024) Geospatial Data and Deep Learning Expose ESG Risks to Critical Raw Materials Supply: The Case of Lithium. <i>Earth Sci. Syst. Soc. </i>4:10109. doi: 10.3389/esss.2024.10109

<div>Raster datasets of inferred magnesium number for the bulk lithospheric mantle across the Australian continent. The magnesium number is an elemental ratio, defined by Mg / (Mg + Fe), which correlates to the relative enrichment or depletion in incompatible elements. Oxide concentrations are inferred in from thermo-chemical inverse modelling of Rayleigh phase velocities, surface heat flow, geoid anomalies, and topography. The magnesium number rasters summarise the results of a Markov-chain Monte Carlo sampling of the posterior model space from an ensemble of plausible candidate models. Model release 'FR23' is developed using primary-mode Rayleigh phase velocity grids adapted from Fishwick & Rawlinson (2012; "3-D structure of the Australian lithosphere from evolving seismic datasets"). Model release 'KY22' is developed using the primary-mode Rayleigh phase velocity grids of Yoshizawa (2014; "Radially anisotropic 3-D shear wave structure of the Australian lithosphere and asthenosphere from multi-mode surface waves"). All models are products of the Exploring for the Future program.</div>

<div>The Roebuck Basin on Australia’s offshore north-western margin is the focus of regional energy exploration activity. Drilling in the Roebuck Basin resulted in oil and gas discoveries at Phoenix South&nbsp;1 (2014), Roc&nbsp;1 (2015–2016) and Dorado&nbsp;1 (2018) in the Bedout Sub-basin (Figure 1‑2) and demonstrated the presence of a petroleum system in Lower Triassic strata. These discoveries have been evaluated for development and production with infill drilling at Roc&nbsp;2 (2016), Phoenix South&nbsp;2 (2016), Phoenix South&nbsp;3 (2018), Dorado&nbsp;2 (2019), and Dorado&nbsp;3 (2019). Recent drilling by Santos (2022) has resulted in the discovery of oil at Pavo&nbsp;1 (2022) and hydrocarbon shows at Apus&nbsp;1 (2022).</div><div><br></div><div>To complement this industry work, Geoscience Australia’s Offshore Energy Systems program produces pre-competitive information to assist with the evaluation of the energy and resource potential of the central North West Shelf, including both hydrogen and helium resources, and to attract exploration investment to Australia. As part of this program, determination of the molecular and noble gas isotopic composition of natural gases from selected petroleum wells in the Roebuck Basin were undertaken by Smart Gas Sciences, under contract to Geoscience Australia, with results from these analyses being released in this report. This report provides additional gas data to determine the sources of natural gases in the Roebuck Basin and build on previously established gas-gas correlations. Noble gas isotopic data can be used in conjunction with carbon and hydrogen isotopic data to determine the origin of both inorganic and organic (hydrocarbon) gases. This information can be used in future geological programs to determine the source and distribution of hydrogen and helium in natural gases and support acreage releases by the Australian Government.</div><div><br></div>

<div>A regional hydrocarbon prospectivity assessment has been undertaken of the offshore Otway Basin by the Offshore Energy Systems Section. This program was designed to produce pre-competitive information to assist with the evaluation of the hydrocarbon resource potential of the offshore Otway Basin and attract exploration investment to Australia. The inboard part of the basin is an established hydrocarbon province with onshore and shallow-water offshore discoveries, whereas the outboard deep-water region, where water depths range from 500 to 6300&nbsp;m, is comparatively underexplored and considered a frontier area.</div><div><br></div><div>As part of this program, molecular and noble gas isotopic analyses were undertaken by Smart Gas Sciences, under contract to Geoscience Australia on available gas samples from the Waarre Formation in the Shipwreck Trough in the offshore eastern Otway Basin, with data from these analyses being released in this report. This report provides additional compositional information for gases in the Waarre Formation reservoirs and builds on previously established gas-gas correlations and gas-oil correlations. Noble gas isotopic data can be used in conjunction with carbon and hydrogen isotopic data to determine the origin of both inorganic and organic (hydrocarbon) gases. This information can be used in future geological programs to determine the source and distribution of hydrogen and helium in natural gases and support acreage releases by the Australian Government.</div><div><br></div><div><br></div>

Herein the results of a global compilation of rare earth element (REE) deposits (available in Excel format) are presented. The deposits were selected as they have substantial endowment (i.e., pre-mining mineral resource) and/or detailed geological information is available. For each deposit (or, in some cases, district) the dataset includes information on: 1. Name (including synonyms) and location; 2. Tectonic province that hosts the deposit; 3. Type(s) and age(s) of mineralising events that produced/affected the deposit (including metadata on ages); 4. The metal/mineral endowment of the deposit; 5. Host rocks to the deposit; 6. Spatially and/or temporally associated magmatic rocks; 7. Spatially and temporally associated alteration assemblages (mostly proximal, but, in some cases, regional assemblages); 8. Rare earth element mineralogy; 9. The Fe-S-O minerals present in the deposit and relative abundances where known; 10. Sulfate minerals present; 11. Peak metamorphic grade; 12. Data sources; and 13. Comments. This document presents more detailed descriptions of the metadata presented in the compilation. The dataset is presented in Appendix A.

<div>The noble gas database table contains publicly available results from Geoscience Australia's organic geochemistry (ORGCHEM) schema and supporting oracle databases for molecular and noble gas isotopic analyses on natural gases sampled from boreholes and fluid inclusion gases from rocks sampled in boreholes and field sites. Data includes the borehole or field site location, sample depths, shows and tests, stratigraphy, analytical methods, other relevant metadata, and the molecular and noble gas isotopic compositions for the natural gas samples. The molecular data are presented in mole percent (mol%) and cubic centimetres (at Standard Pressure and Temperature) per cubic centimetre (ccSTP/cc). The noble gas isotopic values that can be measured are; Helium (He, ³He, ⁴He), Neon (Ne, ²⁰Ne, ²¹Ne, ²²Ne), Argon (Ar, ³⁶Ar, ³⁸Ar, ⁴⁰Ar), Krypton (Kr, ⁷⁸Kr, ⁸⁰Kr, ^82<Kr, ⁸³Kr, ⁸⁴Kr, ⁸⁶Kr) and Xenon (Xe, ¹²⁴Xe, ¹²⁶Xe, ¹²⁸Xe, ¹²⁹Xe, ¹³⁰Xe, ¹³¹Xe, ¹³²Xe, ¹³⁴Xe, ¹³⁶Xe) which are presented in cubic micrometres per cubic centimetre (mcc/cc), cubic nanometres per cubic centimetre (ncc/cc) and cubic picometres per cubic centimetre (pcc/cc). Acquisition of the molecular compounds are by gas chromatography (GC) and the isotopic ratios by mass spectrometry (MS). Compound concentrations that are below the detection limit (BDL) are reported as the value -99999.</div><div><br></div><div>These data provide source information about individual compounds in natural gases and can elucidate fluid migration pathways, irrespective of microbial activity, chemical reactions and changes in oxygen fugacity, which are useful in basin analysis with derived information being used to support Australian exploration for energy resources and helium. These data are collated from Geoscience Australia records and well completion reports. The noble gas data for natural gases and fluid inclusion gases are delivered in the Noble Gas Isotopes web services on the Geoscience Australia Data Discovery Portal at https://portal.ga.gov.au which will be periodically updated.</div><div><br></div><div><br></div>

<div>Critical minerals are the minerals and elements essential for modern technologies, economies and national security. However, the supply chains of these minerals may be vulnerable to disruption thereby making the study of these minerals, from source to product, of primary importance. </div><div><br></div><div>The global transition to net-zero emissions is driving accelerated consumption of critical minerals, particularly driven by the increase in demand for technologies such as solar photovoltaics (PV) and semiconductors (Department of Industry, Science and Resources [DISR], 2022; 2023). In parallel, the phasing out of, for example, traditional machinery and manufacturing processes reliant on hydrocarbon resources (Ali et al., 2017; Bruce et al., 2021; International Energy Agency [IEA], 2021; 2023; Skirrow et al., 2013) is further adding to the global demand. High Purity Quartz (HPQ) forms just one of these critical minerals, and is the primary raw material for the production of High Purity Silica (HPS) and Silicon (Si) for use in products ranging from solar PVs to semiconductors. </div><div><br></div><div>The current list of minerals classified as critical is now up to 31 (Department of Industry, Science and Resources [DISR], 2022; 2023). This diversity of critical minerals is also promoting a new focus on the exploration for i) new styles of mineralisation that might host sufficient volumes of critical minerals, and ii) a re-examination of existing minerals systems knowledge in order to help mineral explorers make new discoveries to help support the increasing demand. </div><div><br></div><div>At present, the main global suppliers of HPQ are the United States, Canada, Norway, Brazil, Russia and India (Pan et al., 2022). In Australia, there has been a paucity of exploration and development of HPQ mineral deposits and, despite the potential that Australia holds for the exploration and discovery of potentially significant HPQ occurrences, Simcoa Operations Pty Ltd. (Figure 1) represents the only operator currently mining HPQ, and the only manufacturer of high purity silicon in Australia (Simcoa, 2020). </div><div><br></div><div>Australia is well-positioned to incentivise the exploration, discovery and supply of raw materials, and significantly expand onshore silicon production capacity (PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2022). Research presented here highlights the opportunity that Australia has in making a positive contribution to meeting the global demand for HPQ required for high-technology applications and the transition to a net zero economy.&nbsp;</div><div><br></div>Abstract presented at the 2024 Annual Geoscience Exploration Seminar (AGES)