Large-scale storage of commercially produced hydrogen worldwide is presently stored in salt caverns. Through the Exploring for the Future program, Geoscience Australia is identifying and mapping salt deposits in Australia that may be suitable for hydrogen storage. The Boree Salt in the Adavale Basin of central Queensland is the only known thick salt accumulation in eastern Australia, and represent potentially strategic assets for underground hydrogen storage. The Boree Salt consists predominantly of halite and can be up to 555 m thick in some wells. Geoscience Australia contracted CSIRO to conduct analyses four Boree Salt whole cores extracted from Boree 1 and Bury 1 wells. The tests were carried out to determine the seal capacity (mercury injection capillary pressure - MICP), mineralogy (X-ray diffraction - XRD), and inorganic geochemistry of the cores. The entire core sections were scanned using X-ray CT images. In addition, four plugs were taken from the cores and tested for dry bulk density, grain density, gas porosity, and permeability. Two plugs underwent ultra-low permeability tests. The MICP test suggests that the Boree Salt is a competent seal for hydrogen storage. Mineralogy testing (XRD) revealed that the Boree Salt samples primarily comprise halite (96.5%), minor anhydrite (1.32%) and dolomite (1.65%) with traces of quartz, calcite, sylvite and cristobalite. Inorganic geochemistry results show sodium (Na; 55.4% average) is the most abundant element. Further tests, such as the creep test, in-situ seal capacity test, and leaching tests, are required to determine the suitability of the Boree Salt for underground hydrogen storage. Disclaimer: Geoscience Australia has tried to make the information in this product as accurate as possible. However, it does not guarantee that the information is totally accurate or complete. Therefore, you should not solely rely on this information when making a commercial decision. This dataset is published with the permission of the CEO, Geoscience Australia.

Proterozoic rocks of the South Nicholson region are juxtaposed between the Mount Isa Province and the McArthur Basin. Whereas the latter two provinces are well-studied and prospective for energy and mineral resources, the geological evolution and resource potential of the South Nicholson region is not well understood. Geoscience Australia, under the Exploring for the Future (EFTF) initiative, in collaboration with State and Territory Geological Surveys, conducted a range of regional geoscience investigations to better understand the resource potential across the South Nicholson region to encourage greenfield resource exploration. Here we discuss preliminary findings on an unreported massive manganese oxide (MnO) occurrence in the Carrara Range in the South Nicholson region, north-eastern Northern Territory. The occurrence is hosted by a north-dipping quartz sandstone unit of the ca. 1640 Ma) sandstones of the Plain Creek Formation (McNamara Group), in the hanging wall of the south-verging, east-west trending Wild Cow Fault zone. The Plain Creek Formation conformably overlies the Shady Bore Quartzite, and conformably underlies shales and carbonaceous siltstones of the Lawn Hill Formation. The Plain Creek Formation is stratigraphically equivalent to the Riversleigh Siltstone in the Lawn Hill Platform. The massive MnO body is comprised of pyrolusite (MnO2) and cryptomelane (KMn8O16), surrounded by a halo of partially MnO altered host sandstone, crosscut by numerous 1‒5mm wide ‘feeder’ veinlets. These zoned veinlets consist of quartz, pyrolusite and cryptomelane with wall quartz projecting into the veinlets with Mn minerals infilling the centre of the veins. The MnO body is ~20 m wide across strike. The lateral and depth extent of the occurrence is unknown, but satellite imagery indicates that MnO mineralisation is visible, along strike, for at least several hundred metres. These observations suggest that the Carrara Range MnO occurrence is likely an epigenetic replacement stratiform body. Geochemistry on the MnO body return 49.8 wt% MnO with appreciable (ca. 450 ppm) Zn; the host sandstone return 10.8 wt% MnO and ca. 25 ppm Zn. Reconnaissance fluid inclusion analysis on quartz-MnO veinlets reveals both brine+vapour aqueous inclusions and hydrocarbon+vapour inclusions. Co-existing aqueous and hydrocarbon were not observed. Homogenisation temperatures are 90‒180°C for aqueous inclusions and 60‒140°C for hydrocarbon inclusions. Fluid salinities are 10‒23 wt% (NaCl equivalent), which may suggest interaction with evaporites. Decrepitation of the fluid inclusions yielded CO2 with no accompanying hydrocarbon gases, suggesting an oxidising fluid. The 𝛿13C CO2 of -22 ‰ is consistent with an organic source, possibly from oil oxidation. The mineralising fluids were high salinity, low temperature (ca. 120°C) fluids, typical of fluids for Mississippi-Valley and/or Mount Isa style base-metal deposits. The host Plain Creek Formation is stratigraphically equivalent to units that host world-class regional Pb-Zn deposits such as Century, McArthur River (HYC) and Lady Loretta and others of north-western Queensland and north-eastern Northern Territory. This correlation, together with the knowledge that many Pb-Zn deposits across the region are associated with manganese enrichment, increases the potential of a base metal resource in the South Nicholson region. Discovery of the Carrara Range Mn occurrence may stimulate regional base metal exploration. Abstract presented at the 2021 Australian Earth Sciences Convention (AESC)

To help the management and exploration at depth of increasing demand for mineral, energy and water resources, integration of new data acquired in frontier areas in a common 3D sub-surface geological model is critical. The Exploring for the Future Program has facilitated the acquisition of major datasets in northern Australia, where rocks are mostly undercover and the basin evolution and resource potential is not well understood. Here we present a case study in the South-Nicholson Basin, located in a vast, poorly exposed area between two highly prospective Paleo- to Mesoproterozoic provinces, the Mt Isa Province and the McArthur Basin. Both regions host major base metal mineral deposits, and contain units prospective for hydrocarbons. In this study we integrate new large-scale data, which include ~1 900 km of deep seismic reflection data and 60 000 line kilometers of AusAEM1 airborne electromagnetic survey, with legacy information and new tools, to help build a semi-continental geological framework, as input to national coverage databases and inform decision-making for mining and petroleum exploration. This study provides a 3D chronostratigraphic cover model down to the Paleoproterozoic basement. We mapped the depth to the base of geological eras, as well as deeper pre-Neoproterozoic Superbasin sequence boundaries to refine the cover model. The depth estimates are based on the interpretation, compilation and integration of boreholes, solid geology, reflection seismic, airborne electromagnetic data and depth to magnetic source estimates. These depth estimates are consistently stored in national databases. These integrated datasets inform on the basin evolution in relation to the basement architecture and provided key outcomes: 1) expanded the size of the basin, significantly increasing the extent of regional petroleum systems in the region, 2) revealed a large concealed sedimentary sub-basin interpreted to include rocks that host the world class Mount Isa Cu-Pb-Zn deposits, 3) linked the stratigraphy with correlation of prospective stratigraphic units across the region, 4) identified major crustal boundaries and structures showing evidence for crustal-scale fluid flow and localised groundwater springs. Presented at the 2020 American Geophysical Union (AGU) Fall Meeting (Online)

The Palaeoproterozoic Fraynes Formation in the Birrindudu Basin is a chronostratigraphic counterpart to the highly prospective Barney Creek Formation in the McArthur Basin. However, there is limited understanding of its source potential in comparison. As part of Geoscience Australia’s Exploring for the Future program, this study aims to assess the hydrocarbon generating potential and shale gas prospectivity of the Fraynes Formation in the exploration drillhole Manbulloo S1 through the reconstruction of original source-rock generating potential and well log interpretation. Internal units inside the Fraynes Formation were defined according to sedimentary facies. The hydrocarbon generation potential was estimated using the original TOC content, hydrogen index and thermal maturity data. The shale total porosity was re-interpreted from bulk density logs by removing the organic matter effect and adding organic porosity for the organic-rich shales. The water saturation was then updated accordingly. The maximum amount of generated gas of the organic-rich source rocks are 3969 Mcf/a-ft, 2769 Mcf/a-ft and 1912 Mcf/a-ft when assuming the kerogen compositions of 100 Type I, mix of 50-50% Type I and II, and 100% Type II, respectively. The richness of organic matter and interpreted water saturation (<100%) imply favourable shale gas prospectivity in the Fraynes Formation. This work expands our knowledge on the unconventional energy resources in the west of the greater McArthur Basin. Paper presented at the 2024 Australian Energy Producers (AEP) Conference &amp; Exhibition (https://pesa.com.au/events/2024-aep-conference-exhibition/)

Airborne electromagnetic data generated by the AusAEM Survey are shown to map mineral deposit host rocks and regional geological features within the AusAEM Survey area. We have developed new functionality in Geoscience Australia’s sample-by-sample layered earth inversion algorithm, allowing inversion of the magnitude of the combined vector sum of the X- and Z-components of TEMPEST AEM data. This functionality improves the clarity of inverted interpretation products by reducing the degree of along-line incoherency inherent to stitched 1D inversions. The new inversion approach improves the interpretability of sub-horizontal conductors, allowing better mapping of geological features under cover. Examples of geological mapping by the AusAEM survey highlight the utility of wide line spacing, regional AEM surveying to improve geological, mineral systems and groundwater resource understanding in the regions flanking outcropping mineral deposit host rocks in northern Australia. Presented at the 2019 Australasian Exploration Geoscience Conference

Northern Australia contains extensive Proterozoic aged sedimentary basins that contain organic-rich rocks with the potential to host major petroleum and basin-hosted mineral systems (Figures 1 and 2). These intracratonic basins include the greater McArthur Basin including the McArthur and Birrindudu basins and the Tomkinson Provence (Close 2014), the Isa Superbasin and the South Nicholson Basin. The sedimentary sections within these basins are assumed to be of equivalent age and deposited under similar climatic controls resulting in correlative lithology, source facies and stratigraphic intervals. The greater McArthur Basin contains Paleoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic organic-rich siltstones and shales with the potential to generate conventional oil and gas deposits, self-sourced continuous shale oil and shale gas targets (Munson 2014; Revie 2017; Weatherford Laboratories 2017). Exploration has focused on the Beetaloo Sub-basin where organic-rich siltstones of the Velkerri Formation contain up to 10 weight percent total organic carbon (wt % TOC) and have been assessed to contain 118 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of gas-in-place (Munson 2014; Revie 2017; Weatherford Laboratories 2017; Revie and Normington 2018). Other significant source rocks include the Kyalla Formation of the Roper Group, the Barney Creek, Yalco and Lynott formations of the McArthur Group, the Wollogorang, and perhaps the McDermott formations of the Tawallah Group and the Vaughton Siltstone of the Balma Group in the northern greater McArthur Basin (Munson 2014). These source rocks are host to diverse play types, for example, Cote et al (2018) describes five petroleum plays in the Beetaloo Sub-basin; the Velkerri shale dry gas play, the Velkerri liquids-rich gas play, the Kyalla shale and hybrid liquid-rich gas play and the Hayfield Sandstone oil/condensate play. This highlights the large shale and tight gas resource potential of the McArthur Basin, the full extent of these resources are poorly understood and insufficiently quantified. More work is needed to characterise the source rocks, the petroleum generative potential, fluid migration pathways, the fluid types and the thermal and burial history to understand the hydrocarbon prospectivity of the basin. The Exploring for the Future (EFTF) program is a four-year (2016?-2020) $100.5 million initiative by the Australian Government conducted in partnership with state and Northern Territory government agencies, other key government, research and industry partners and universities. EFTF aims to boost northern Australia's attractiveness as a destination for investment in resource exploration. The Energy Systems Branch at Geoscience Australia has undertaken a regional study on the prospectivity of several northern Australian basins by expanding our knowledge of petroleum and mineral system geochemistry. Here we highlight some of the results of this ongoing program with a primary focus on the greater McArthur Basin. Abstract submitted to and presented at the Annual Geoscience Exploration Seminar (AGES) 2019 (https://www.aig.org.au/events/ages-2019/)

The South Nicholson region, which includes the Paleoproterozoic Isa Superbasin, the Mesoproterozoic South Nicholson Group and overlying younger sediments, is sparsely explored and has recently come into increased focus as a result of the Australian Government’s Exploring for the Future program. Previous exploration has identified potential shale gas plays within the River and Lawn supersequences of the Isa Superbasin in northwest Queensland’s northern Lawn Hill Platform region. Understanding mineralogy is important for characterising shale reservoirs, as mechanical properties such as shale brittleness are influenced by mineral composition. Mineralogy can, therefore, be utilised as a proxy for mechanical properties that are crucial to minimising risks associated with exploring for and developing shale reservoirs. This study utilises three different methods for calculating brittleness; XRD mineralogy, XRF major element geochemistry, and geomechanical properties. Results indicate highly variable mineralogy within the analysed samples, demonstrating heterogeneity in shale brittleness throughout the studied supersequences. Brittleness calculated from XRD analysis ranges from ductile to brittle with zones of brittle shales present in all supersequences. Increasing quartz and decreasing clay content is the dominant control on shale brittleness in the studied samples. Correlation between XRF major element geochemistry and XRD mineralogy is demonstrated to be moderate to poor, with brittleness derived from XRF major element geochemistry observed to be significantly higher than brittleness derived from XRD mineralogy. Conversely, brittleness derived from geomechanical properties agrees closely with XRD mineralogy derived brittleness. Hence, XRF major element geochemistry data are not recommended in the South Nicholson region to calculate brittleness. Analysis of brittleness indices from this study, in combination with total organic carbon content drawn from regional geochemical analysis in the South Nicholson region, identifies potential shale gas target intervals in the River, Term, and Lawn supersequences. Data presented on correlated well sections highlights intervals of exploration interest within these supersequences, being those depths where high organic content, brittle rocks are identified. The rocks that meet this criteria are primarily constrained to the already known potential shale gas plays of the River and Lawn supersequences. Recent data from Geoscience Australia implies that these potential shale gas plays are likely to extend from the northern Lawn Hill Platform, where they have been primarily identified to date, underneath the South Nicholson Basin and into the Carrara Sub-basin, significantly increasing their lateral extent. <b>Citation:</b> A. H. E. Bailey, A. J. M. Jarrett, L. Wang, B. L. Reno, E. Tenthorey, C. Carson & P. Henson (2022) Shale brittleness within the Paleoproterozoic Isa Superbasin succession in the South Nicholson region, Northern Australia, <i>Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, </i>DOI: 10.1080/08120099.2022.2095029

NDI Carrara 1 is a deep stratigraphic drill hole completed in 2020 as part of the MinEx CRC National Drilling Initiative (NDI) in collaboration with Geoscience Australia and the Northern Territory Geological Survey. It is the first test of the Carrara Sub-basin, a newly discovered Proterozoic depocentre in the South Nicholson region, based on interpretation from new seismic surveys (L210 in 2017 and L212 in 2019) acquired as part of the Exploring for the Future program. The drill hole intersected approximately 1120 m of Proterozoic sedimentary rocks unconformably overlain by 630 m of Cambrian Georgina Basin carbonates. Continuous cores recovered from 283 m to a total depth of 1751 m. Geoscience Australia conducted an extensive post-drilling analytical program that generated over 30 datasets which the interested reader can find under the EFTF webpage (under the "Data and publications" drop down menu) at https://www.eftf.ga.gov.au/south-nicholson-national-drilling-initiative This record links to the Exploring for the Future 'borehole completion report' for NDI Carrara 1 and access to all on-site downhole geophysical datasets.

Exploring for the Future (EFTF) is a four-year $100.5 million initiative by the Australian Government conducted by Geoscience Australia in partnership with state and Northern Territory government agencies, CSIRO and universities to provide new geoscientific datasets for frontier regions. As part of this program, Geoscience Australia acquired two new seismic surveys that collectively extend across the South Nicholson Basin (L120 South Nicholson seismic line) and into the Beetaloo Sub-basin of the McArthur Basin (L212 Barkly seismic line). Interpretation of the seismic has resulted in the discovery of new basins that both contain a significant section of presumed Proterozoic strata. Integration of the seismic results with petroleum and mineral systems geochemistry, structural analyses, geochronology, rock properties and a petroleum systems model has expanded the knowledge of the region for energy and mineral resources exploration. These datasets are available through Geoscience Australia’s newly developed Data Discovery Portal, an online platform delivering digital geoscientific information, including seismic locations and cross-section images, and field site and well-based sample data. Specifically for the EFTF Energy project, a petroleum systems framework with supporting organic geochemical data has been built to access source rock, crude oil and natural gas datasets via interactive maps, graphs and analytical tools that enable the user to gain a better and faster understanding of a basin’s petroleum prospectivity. <b>Citation:</b> Henson Paul, Robinson David, Carr Lidena, Edwards Dianne S., MacFarlane Susannah K., Jarrett Amber J. M., Bailey Adam H. E. (2020) Exploring for the Future—a new oil and gas frontier in northern Australia. <i>The APPEA Journal</i><b> 60</b>, 703-711. https://doi.org/10.1071/AJ19080

Preamble: The 'National Geochemical Survey of Australia: The Geochemical Atlas of Australia' was published in July 2011 along with a digital copy of the NGSA geochemical dataset (http://dx.doi.org/10.11636/Record.2011.020). The NGSA project is described here: www.ga.gov.au/ngsa. The present dataset contains additional geochemical data obtained on NGSA samples: the Lead Isotopes Dataset. Abstract: Over 1200 new lead (Pb) isotope analyses were obtained on catchment outlet sediment samples from the NGSA regolith archive to document the range and patterns of Pb isotope ratios in the surface regolith and their relationships to geology and anthropogenic activity. The selected samples included 1204 NGSA Top Outlet Sediment (TOS) samples taken from 0 to 10 cm depth and sieved to <2 mm (or ‘coarse’ fraction); three of these were analysed in duplicate for a total of 1207 Pb isotope analyses. Further, 12 Northern Australia Geochemical Survey (NAGS; http://dx.doi.org/10.11636/Record.2019.002) TOS samples from within a single NGSA catchment, also sieved to <2 mm, were analysed to provide an indication of smaller scale variability. Combined, we thus present 1219 new TOS coarse, internally comparable data points, which underpin new national regolith Pb isoscapes. Additionally, 16 NGSA Bottom Outlet Sediment (BOS; ~60 to 80 cm depth) samples, also sieved to <2 mm, and 16 NGSA TOS samples sieved to a finer grainsize (<75 um, or ‘fine’) fraction from selected NGSA catchments were also included to inform on Pb mobility and residence. Lead isotope analyses were performed by Candan Desem as part of her PhD research at the School of Geography, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Melbourne. After an initial ammonium acetate (AmAc) leach, the samples were digested in aqua regia (AR). Although a small number of samples were analysed after the AmAc leach, all samples were analysed after the second, AR digestion, preparation step. The analyses were performed without prior matrix removal using a Nu Instruments Attom single collector Sector Field-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer (SF-ICP-MS). The dried soil digests were redissolved in 2% HNO3 run solutions containing high-purity thallium (1 ppb Tl) and diluted to provide ~1 ppb Pb in solution. Admixture of natural, Pb-free Tl (with a nominal 205Tl/203Tl of 2.3871) allowed for correction of instrumental mass bias effects. Concentrations of matrix elements in the diluted AR digests are estimated to be in the range of 1–2 ppm. The SF-ICP-MS was operated in wet plasma mode using a Glass Expansion cyclonic spray chamber and glass nebuliser with an uptake rate of 0.33 mL/min. The instrument was tuned for maximum sensitivity and provided ~1 million counts per second/ppb Pb while maintaining flat-topped peaks. Each analysis, performed in the Attom’s ‘deflector peak jump’ mode, consists of 30 sets of 2000 sweeps of masses 202Hg, 203Tl, 204Pb, 205Tl, 206Pb, 207Pb and 208Pb, with dwell times of 500 μs and a total analysis time of 4.5 min. Each sample acquisition was preceded by a blank determination. All corrections for baseline, sample Hg interference (202Hg/204Pb ratios were always <0.043) and mass bias were performed online, producing typical in-run precisions (2 standard errors) of ±0.047 for 206Pb/204Pb, ±0.038 for 207Pb/204Pb, ±0.095 for 208Pb/204Pb, ±0.0012 for 207Pb/206Pb and ±0.0026 for 208Pb/206Pb. A small number of samples with low Pb concentrations exhibited very low signal sizes during analysis resulting in correspondingly high analytical uncertainties. Samples producing within-run uncertainties of >1% relative (measured on the 207Pb/204Pb ratio) were discarded as being insufficiently precise to contribute meaningfully to the dataset. Data quality was monitored using interspersed analyses of Tl-doped ~1 ppb solutions of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) SRM981 Pb standard, and several silicate reference materials: United States Geological Survey ‘BCR-2’ and ‘AGV-2’, Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques ‘BR’ and Japan Geological Survey ‘JB-2’. In a typical session, up to 50 unknowns plus 15 standards were analysed using an ESI SC-2 DX autosampler. Although previous studies using the Attom SF-ICP-MS used sample-standard-bracketing techniques to correct for instrumental Pb mass bias, Tl doping was found to produce precise, accurate and reproducible results. Based upon the data for the BCR-2 and AGV-2 secondary reference materials, for which we have the most analyses, deviations from accepted values (accuracy) were typically <0.17%. Data for the remaining silicate standards appear slightly less accurate but these results may, to some extent, reflect uncertainty in the assigned literature values for these materials. Replicate runs of selected AR digests yielded similar reproducibility estimates. The results show a wide range of Pb isotope ratios in the NGSA (and NAGS) TOS <2 mm fraction samples across the continent (N = 1219): 206Pb/204Pb: Min = 15.558; Med ± Robust SD = 18.844 ± 0.454; Mean ± SD = 19.047 ± 1.073; Max = 30.635 207Pb/204Pb; Min = 14.358; Med ± Robust SD = 15.687 ± 0.091; Mean ± SD = 15.720 ± 0.221; Max = 18.012 208Pb/204Pb; Min = 33.558; Med ± Robust SD = 38.989 ± 0.586; Mean ± SD = 39.116 ± 1.094; Max = 48.873 207Pb/206Pb; Min = 0.5880; Med ± Robust SD = 0.8318 ± 0.0155; Mean ± SD = 0.8270 ± 0.0314; Max = 0.9847 208Pb/206Pb; Min = 1.4149; Med ± Robust SD = 2.0665 ± 0.0263; Mean ± SD = 2.0568 ± 0.0675; Max = 2.3002 These data allow the construction of the first continental-scale regolith Pb isotope maps (206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, 208Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/206Pb, and 208Pb/206Pb isoscapes) of Australia and can be used to understand contributions of Pb from underlying bedrock (including Pb-rich mineralisation), wind-blown dust and possibly from anthropogenic sources (industrial, transport, agriculture, residential, waste handling). The complete dataset is available to download as a comma separated values (CSV) file from Geoscience Australia's website (http://dx.doi.org/10.26186/5ea8f6fd3de64). Isoscape grids (inverse distance weighting interpolated grids with a power coefficient of 2 prepared in QGis using GDAL gridding tool based on nearest neighbours) are also provided for the five Pb isotope ratios (IDW2NN.TIF files in zipped folder). Alternatively, the new Pb isotope data can be downloaded from and viewed on the GA Portal (https://portal.ga.gov.au/).