Machine-learning infilled radiometric grids of Australia - potassium (K), thorium (Th), and uranium (U), 2026

<p>This dataset provides spatially continuous national grids of potassium (K), thorium (Th), and uranium (U) across Australia at a nominal 100 m cell size in the GDA2020 / Australian Albers projected coordinate system (EPSG:9473). The grids are derived from airborne radiometric survey data combined with modelled infill in areas where observations are absent.</p><p></p><p>Measured airborne radiometric data were compiled from Geoscience Australia’s Radiometric Map of Australia (radmap v4) and associated survey datasets, with additional recent survey coverage incorporated for Tasmania. Where observations are available, the grids retain measured values. In areas without coverage, values were estimated using a machine-learning approach based on a convolutional neural network (CNN) combined with residual correction, producing spatially consistent predictions.</p><p></p><p>The final products are provided on a 100 m grid to enable consistent national coverage; however, the spatial density and effective resolution of the underlying airborne survey data vary across regions. As a result, the grids represent a combination of measured and modelled values and should be interpreted accordingly. In infilled areas, values are derived from statistical relationships with environmental predictor variables (e.g. geology, terrain, and vegetation) and may therefore introduce dependencies if used in analyses involving similar inputs.</p>

Identification info

Date (Creation): 2026-05-14

Date (Publication): 2026-05-14T01:03:59.647Z

Citation identifier: Geoscience Australia Persistent Identifier/https://pid.geoscience.gov.au/dataset/ga/150893

Identifier

Code: 10.26186/150893

Codespace: doi.org

Description: Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

Cited responsible party

Role	Organisation / Individual Name	Details
Publisher	Commonwealth of Australia (Geoscience Australia)	Voice
Author	Du, Z.	Internal Contact
Author	Sanchez, G.	Internal Contact
Author	Mahani, M.	Internal Contact
Author	Carr, L.	Internal Contact

Purpose: The purpose of this dataset is to provide spatially continuous national radiometric grids for K, Th, and U by combining measured airborne radiometric observations with machine-learning-based infill in areas where data are sparse or absent. Unlike traditional radiometric datasets based solely on measured observations, this product includes modelled infill to provide complete spatial coverage. Measured observations are retained in areas of survey coverage, while modelled values are used only to infill gaps where no data are available. The modelling is therefore intended to improve spatial completeness rather than to replace measured data. These datasets are designed to support regional to national scale geoscientific analysis, mineral exploration, and environmental modelling where complete spatial coverage is required.

Status: Completed

Point of contact

Role	Organisation / Individual Name	Details
Resource provider	Minerals, Energy and Groundwater Division	External Contact
Point of contact	Commonwealth of Australia (Geoscience Australia)	Voice
Point of contact	Du, Z.	Internal Contact

Spatial representation type

Topic category

Geoscientific information

Extent

Maintenance and update frequency: As needed

Resource format

Title: Product data repository: Various Formats

Protocol: FILE:DATA-DIRECTORY

Name of the resource: Data Store directory containing the digital product files

Description: Data Store directory containing one or more files, possibly in a variety of formats, accessible to Geoscience Australia staff only for internal purposes

Keywords

airborne digital data

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Radiometrics

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uranium

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Earth sciences

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potassium

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thorium

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GDA2020

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radmap

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machine learning

Project

Resourcing Australia’s Prosperity
Onshore National Geology
Australia-wide geoscience data

theme.ANZRC Fields of Research.rdf

Geology not elsewhere classified

Keywords

Published_External

Resource constraints

Title: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence

Alternate title: CC-BY

Edition: 4.0

Website

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Addressee

Role	Organisation / Individual Name	Details
User	Any

Use constraints: License

Use constraints: Other restrictions

Other constraints: © Commonwealth of Australia (Geoscience Australia) 2026

Resource constraints

Title: Australian Government Security Classification System

Edition date: 2018-11-01T00:00:00

Website

https://www.protectivesecurity.gov.au/pspf-annual-release

Classification: Unclassified

Classification system: Australian Government Security Classification System

Associated resource

Association Type: Was derived from

Title: Complete Radiometric Grid of Australia (Radmap) v4 2019 with modelled infill

Citation identifier: 144413

Citation identifier: 6c9afa0f-d7e9-46dd-a794-9ce038878d51

Website

http://pid.geoscience.gov.au/dataset/ga/144413

Link to eCat metadata record landing page

Associated resource

Association Type: Was derived from

Title: Australian National Radiometric Data Collection

Citation identifier: 144636

Citation identifier: 5fe536aa-d5d4-4c4b-907f-525be99bf019

Website

http://pid.geoscience.gov.au/dataset/ga/144636

Link to eCat metadata record landing page

Language: English

Character encoding: UTF8

Distribution Information

OnLine resource: Download the dataset (zip) [11.5 GB]

Download the dataset (zip) [11.5 GB]

Distribution Information

Distributor contact

Role	Organisation / Individual Name	Details
Distributor	Commonwealth of Australia (Geoscience Australia)	Voice

Resource lineage

Statement: <div>Measured airborne radiometric observations were sourced from Geoscience Australia’s Geophysical Archive Data Delivery System (GADDS), including Australia‑wide flight‑line datasets and survey‑level estimates underpinning the Radiometric Map of Australia (radmap v4). This update incorporates airborne radiometric surveys over Tasmania acquired during 2021–2022 by Mineral Resources Tasmania and flown by Magnetic and Spectrometric Surveys (MAGSPEC), including the Tasmanian Tiers (P5003) and East Tasmania (P5020) airborne magnetic, radiometric and elevation surveys. All newly incorporated data were levelled and harmonised to ensure consistency with national radiometric datasets.</div><div>Primary reference datasets include Radmap v4 potassium (K), thorium (Th) and uranium (U) grids from the Australian National Radiometric Data Collection (2022), AWAGS radiometric flight‑line datasets accessed via GADDS, and Tasmania airborne radiometric surveys (Mineral Resources Tasmania, 2023).</div><div>A harmonised national suite of predictor layers representing geological, terrain and vegetation or landscape controls was assembled to support machine‑learning prediction of K, Th and U. Covariates were resampled to the modelling grid. Further methodological details are documented in Du et al. (2025).</div><div>Final products are provided as national GeoTIFF raster layers on a 100 m grid, referenced to the GDA2020 / Australian Albers projected coordinate system (EPSG:9473), and distributed as ZIP archives. Deliverables include filtered grids of potassium (K, %), equivalent thorium (eTh, ppm) and equivalent uranium (eU, ppm), along with supporting files comprising the prediction covariate list, the Tasmania radiometric mosaic (MRT) and major gap regions.</div><div>Equivalent thorium (eTh) and uranium (eU) represent concentrations derived from gamma‑ray spectrometry and are reported as equivalent values because abundances are inferred from gamma emissions of daughter radionuclides, consistent with standard airborne radiometric processing conventions.</div><div><strong>References</strong></div><div>1. Australian National Radiometric Data Collection. 2022. Geoscience Australia, Canberra. https://pid.geoscience.gov.au/dataset/ga/144636</div><div>2. Du, Zheyuan, John Wilford, MarieAude Bonnardot, Eloise Beyer, and Guillaume Sanchez. 2025. "Advancing Radiometric Mapping in Australia: Bridging Gaps and Enhancing Mineral Exploration." In <em>IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) 2025</em>. Brisbane, Australia. DOI. 10.1109/IGARSS55030.2025.11243104.</div><div>3. Mineral Resources Tasmania, Tasmania Radiometric Map, 2023. https://www.mrt.tas.gov.au/products/geoscience_maps/1500,000_statewide_maps/maps/geophysics_-_radiometric_map</div><div>4. Wilford, J., and A Kroll. 2019. "Complete radiometric grid of Australia (Radmap) v4 2019 with modelled infill. Geoscience Australia, Canberra.". https://pid.geoscience.gov.au/dataset/ga/144413</div>

Reference System Information

Reference system identifier: EPSG/GDA2020 / geographic 2D (EPSG: 7844)

Metadata constraints

Title: Australian Government Security Classification System

Edition date: 2018-11-01T00:00:00

Website

https://www.protectivesecurity.gov.au/pspf-annual-release

Classification: Unclassified

Metadata

Metadata identifier

urn:uuid/fbf3327c-1b47-4690-b3c8-ed81072ba639

Title: GeoNetwork UUID

Language: English

Character encoding: UTF8

Contact

Role	Organisation / Individual Name	Details
Point of contact	Commonwealth of Australia (Geoscience Australia)	Voice
Point of contact	Du, Z.	Internal Contact

Type of resource

Resource scope: Dataset

Alternative metadata reference

Title: Geoscience Australia - short identifier for metadata record with uuid

Citation identifier: eCatId/150893

Metadata linkage

https://ecat.ga.gov.au/geonetwork/srv/api/records/fbf3327c-1b47-4690-b3c8-ed81072ba639

Date info (Creation): 2026-05-14T01:06:12.994Z

Date info (Creation): 2026-05-14T01:04:54.441Z

Date info (Creation): 2026-02-09T02:23:15.653Z

Date info (Revision): 2026-05-14T01:06:51.949Z

Metadata standard

Title: AU/NZS ISO 19115-1:2014

Metadata standard

Title: ISO 19115-1:2014

Metadata standard

Title: ISO 19115-3

Title: Geoscience Australia Community Metadata Profile of ISO 19115-1:2014

Edition: Version 2.0, September 2018

Citation identifier: https://pid.geoscience.gov.au/dataset/ga/122551

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