Seismology and Seismic Exploration
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We report four lessons from experience gained in applying the multiple-mode spatially-averaged coherency method (MMSPAC) at 25 sites in Newcastle (NSW) for the purpose of establishing shear-wave velocity profiles as part of an earthquake hazard study. The MMSPAC technique is logistically viable for use in urban and suburban areas, both on grass sports fields and parks, and on footpaths and roads. A set of seven earthquake-type recording systems and team of three personnel is sufficient to survey three sites per day. The uncertainties of local noise sources from adjacent road traffic or from service pipes contribute to loss of low-frequency SPAC data in a way which is difficult to predict in survey design. Coherencies between individual pairs of sensors should be studied as a quality-control measure with a view to excluding noise-affected sensors prior to interpretation; useful data can still be obtained at a site where one sensor is excluded. The combined use of both SPAC data and HVSR data in inversion and interpretation is a requirement in order to make effective use of low frequency data (typically 0.5 to 2 Hz at these sites) and thus resolve shear-wave velocities in basement rock below 20 to 50 m of soft transported sediments.
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An optimal combination of geological, geomorphological and climatic properties, along with its high level of contemporary seismicity, makes the Archean craton in the SW corner of Australia an excellent natural laboratory for studying earthquake behaviour in stable continental regions (SCR). Analysis of the palaeo-seismic data derived from 35+ palaeo-earthquake scarps suggests that the long-term seismicity rate is a tenth of the contemporary rate. A 50 site regional GPS/Geodetic network was occupied over the 200 x 400 km study area in 2002 and 2006. Analysis of this data suggests that the long term tectonic strain-rate is about a one seventh (with an uncertainty range of half to a hundredth) of the rate derived from the seismicity recorded over the past 60 years. Re-occupation of this network in 2012 and reprocessing of the 2002 and 2006 data, using updated techniques, should reduce the uncertainty range. The difference between the contemporary seismicity and that suggested by the geological and geodetic data is strong evidence for an episodic (or non-stationary) model of seismicity in non-extended cratonic SCC. By contrast, the Mt Lofty/Flinders Ranges region in South Australia may be exhibiting stationary seismicity behaviour. The geologic structure of this region originally formed in an extensional setting in the Precambrian, and was reactivated in compression in the Cambrian (ca. 500 Ma.) and under the current the current stress field (since ~10-5 ma.). A 50 site GPS/Geodetic network was established in the Flinders ranges in 2003 and reoccupied in 2012. The strain-rate estimated from this data is expected to answer the key question of: Whether the geodetic strain-rate is consistent with the contemporary seismicity (and palaeo-seismicity) in this region or not. Consistency would suggest that the seismicity in this non-extended SCR is stationary, and should be described by a different seismo-tectonic model than the non-extended cratonic SCR
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The Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics (BMR) conducted a seismic survey in the Denison Trough, in the western part of the Bowen Basin in Queensland in 1979. The survey continued work commenced in 1978 aimed at delineating the configuration of the trough and providing stratigraphic information from the Permian sequence which, in conjunction with current Geological Survey of Queensland stratigraphic studies, would enable reliable stratigraphic correlations to be made throughout the trough. The survey obtained 265 km of digitally recorded mainly six-fold Common-Depth-Point seismic reflection data.
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Initial 2D seismic survey using mini-vibroseis with high frequency band 10 - 150Hz. This seismic survey is part of the Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas Technologies (CO2CRC) projects.
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Between October 2008 and February 2009, Geoscience Australia undertook two major surveys off the coast of Western Australia. Areas of interest included the Mentelle and northern Perth Basins, the Southern Carnarvon Basin, the sourthern Exmouth Sub-basin (Northern arnarvon Basin) and the Wallaby Plateau. These surveys collected a range of data, including 7300 kilometers of industry-standard seismic reflection data and 43000 line kilometers of gravity and magnetic data. In addition to the new data collected, Geoscience Australia has reprocessed 11700 line kilometres of open file 2D seismic data that exists within the survey area. This data is available for purchase as part of the Southwest Margin Data Package.